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CAMP’S 

HIGHER GEOGRAPHY, 

PREPARED TO ACCOMPANY 

MITCHELL’S SERIES OF OUTLISE MAPS, 


AND DESIGNED FOR 

GRAMMAR AND HIGH SCHOOLS, 

AND FOR THE 

HIGHER'classes OF DISTRICT SCHOOLS. 



DAVID N. CAMP, 

PRINCIPAL OF THE CONN. STATE NORMAL SCHOOL AND STATE SUPERINTENDENT OF COJOION SCHOOLS. 


H ARTFOHD: 

PUBLISHED BY 0. D. CASE AND COMPANY. 
OHICAaO: 

GEORGE SHERWOOD. 

1862. 























V 

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1862, by 
O. D. CASE & CO., 

In the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the United States, for the District of Connecticut. 





CASE, LOCKWOOD & CO., 
ELECTROTYPERS AND PRINTERS, 
HARTFORD, CONN. 






























The following work has been prepared for use in High Schools and Academies, and for 
the higher classes in District Schools. The lessons are arranged to accompany Mitchell’s 
Series of Outline Maps, but can be used independently, as the book is complete in itself. 
The maps are exact transcripts of the Outline Maps reduced in size, and the key to the 
maps in the book is also a key to the larger maps. 

The map questions are prepared to test the pupil’s knowledge of the most important 
things in map studies, after he has carefully studied the map with the key. 

The geographical definitions, it is believed, are exact, and sufficiently comprehensive; 
and the lessons in descriptive geography include the more important facts relative to 
countries and cities, and are so arranged as to facilitate the comparison of different 
countries, and assist in generalization and classification. 

The cuts have been specially prepared for this work, and the subjects have been 
selected, not only as illustrations of the text, but as worthy of extended study by the 
P^Vpil. , 

The Outline Maps have been revised and improved so as to present to the eye, in a 
clear and distinct manner, the divisions of the earth’s surface with the natural features 
of each. 

















HINTS TO TEACHERS. 


In introducing the study of Geography to a class of young pupils, their attention 
should first be directed to the school yard, or a portion of the road, or fields; prominent 
objects should be pointed out, and their relative position and distance noted. The whole 
should then be represented on the blackboard, by the teacher. Thus would be conveyed 
to the child the idea of a map. This map should be copied on a slate, by each member 
of the class, and recited from as a lesson. Additions of surrounding fields, roads and 
prominent objects, should be made at successive lessons, till a map of the district, 
village, town, or city, is completed. 

Various natural features should be described when located, such as brooks, ponds, 
hills and islands ; the points of the compass indicated ; the boundaries, peculiarities, and 
general features of the whole taught orally, and by actual view of the same if possible. 

By similar and successive steps, the geography of the county and state should be 
taught, while an outline of the same is made upon the board and copied by the class. 

In the use of this book let the mathematical terms employed in geography be carefully 
explained with a globe or other apparatus, and the definitions be well learned and fully 
illustrated. 

In the study of the maps, the pupil should be taught to remember the various natural 
objects from their form and position, and not alone from the numbers which mark them. 

In using the Outline Maps, the map should, if convenient, be suspended on the north 
side of the room. In recitation, the pupils can name the objects as pointed out by the 
teacher, or can point them out as called by the teacher, or some member of the class. 
Commencing with the upper left hand corner of each map, let the countries and natural 
bodies of land and water be learned and recited in their order, classified as follows; 


Countries. 5 

Oceans, Seas, Gulfs and Bays. 6 
Straits, Channels and Sounds. 7 
Islands. 8 


Capos, Peninsulas and Isthmuses. 

Mountains and Deserts. 

Lakes and Rivers. 

Cities and Towns, (not recited on Map No. 1.) 

The pupil should become so familiar with each map, the natural features represented, 
the political divisions and the locality of places, as to recognize them at once without 
numbers or names. 

This attainment oan be secured by a careful study of the map with the key in the 
geography, and by drawing the map on the slate or paper, putting down the parallels 
and meridians, and accurately filling up the outline with the natural and political 
divisions. 








HINTS TO TEACHERS. 


In the location and description of countries or other bodies of land, and bodies of 
water, it is ^yell for the teacher to give a model to be followed by eacli member of the 
class. Thus in describing 

A Country or State.— Locate and bound. 

An Ocean, Sea, Gulp or Bay.— Give its direction from the nearest coast, and tell 
with what bodies of water it is connected. 

A Strait, Channel or Sound,— State between what countries or islands it lies, and 
what bodies of water it connects. 

An Island.— Give its direction from some country or larger island, and what water 
surrounds it. 

A Cape. —Tell from what country or coast, and into what body of water it projects. 

A Peninsula.— Mention the body of land with which it is connected, and the bodies 
of water nearly surrounding it. 

An Isthmus.— Mention the countries it connects and the bodies of water it lies between. 

A Mountain.— Tell in what part of what country it is situated; if a range of moun¬ 
tains, give the direction in which it extends. 

A Lake.— Tell in what part of what country it is, and give its outlet if any is named. 

A River.—T ell its source, direction, and into what body of water it flows. 

A City or Town. —Locate and tell whether a seaport or not. 

Each map is to be reviewed by promiscuous questions. A few of these have been given. 
But the teacher should multiply and vary them, as circumstances require. 

The questions on the maps are followed by a brief description of the countries repre¬ 
sented. The more important facts are given on each country. But a full description 
could not be given, without increasing the size and price of the book far beyond the 
wants of our schools. This can much better be obtained from gazetteers, geographical 
dictionaries and cyclopedias, than from any text-book. 

For classes of advanced scholars, topical instruction will often be found the most 
beneficial. 

For this purpose, let a country be selected and a topic given to each member of the 
class. Each pupil should then consult reference books, such as cyclopedias and books 
of travel, and from all available sources obtain the information desired, and be prepared 
to stand by the map, before the class, and give a connected, intelligent account of the 
facts he has obtained, without questions or suggestions. 

The following list of topics is given to be varied to suit the size and capacities of the 
class; 

LIST OF TOPICS FOR ADVANCED CLASS. 

1 Name of Country, Situation, Extent and Boundaries. 

2 Coast, (indentations and projections.) 

8 Rivers and Lakes, (water-sheds.) 

4 Surface, (mountains, plains, plateaus, Ac.) 

5 Soil and Climate, (how varied and affected.) 








Vi CONTENTS. 


6 Prochictions, (animal, vegetable and mineral.) 

7 Manufactures. 

8 Commerce, (exports and imports.) 

9 Cities and Towns, (capitals, seaports and manufacturing towns.) 

10 Traveling Facilities. 

11 Inhabitants, (population, manners and customs.) 

12 Government. 

13 Education and Religion. 

11 History, (Colonial Possessions.) 

15 Miscellaneous. (Natural curiosities, places and objects of interest, distin¬ 
guished persons, &c.) 


CONTENTS. 


Preface, ..... 

Page. 

3 

No, 7, Asia, . ^ .■ 



Page. 

126 

Hints to Teachers, . 

. 4 

No. 8, Africa, 

• 


142 

Mathematical Definitions, 

7 

No. 9, OCEANICA, 


. « 

166 

Geographical Definitions. 


No. 10, The Physical World, 

• 

. 164 

The Earth, .... 

8 

Descriptive Geography. 




Natural Divisions, Land, . 

8 

North America, 

. 

• 

29 

Natural Divisions, Water, 

9 

British Provinces, 


. 

35 

Description of Maps, 

10 

United States and Mexico, 


• 

49 

Hemispheres, .... 

10 

South America, . 


t » 

86 

Size, Motions and Circles of Earth, 

11 

Europe, 

• 

• 

. 103 

Latitude, ..... 

11 

Asia, 


• 

131 

Longitude, .... 

. 12 

Africa, 

• 


. 146 

Zones, . . . • . 

12 

OCEANICA, . . 


* « 

160 

Maps, with Key and Questions. 


Physical Geography, 

• 

• 

, 167 

No. 1, The Word, 

14 

Land, 


• • 

167 

No. 2, North America, 

24 

Water, 

• 


. 172 

No. 3, British Provinces, 

82 

The Atmosphere, 


• • 

175 

No. 4, United States and Mexico, 

40 

Geographical Distribution 

of 

Plants, 

. 177 

No. 6, South America, 

82 

Geographical Distribution 

OF 

Animals, 

178 

No. f), Europe, 

. 96 

Vocabulary and Tables, 

• 

• 

. 180 















HIGHER GEOGRAPHY. 


DEFINITIONS OF MATHEMATICAL TERMS USED IN GEOGRAPHY.''^ 


Q. What is a sphere ? 

A solid bounded by a surface every point 
of which is equally distant from a point 
within, called the center. 

Q. What is the diameter of a sphere ? 

The distance from one side to the other 
through its center. 

Q. What is the circumference of a sphere ? 

The distance round it. 

Q. What is the axis of a sphere ? 

The straight line about which it revolves. 

Q. What are the poles ? 

The ends of the axis. A hemisphere is 
half a sphere. 

Q. What is a circle ? 

A portion of a plane bounded by a curved 


line every point of which is equally distant 
from a point within, called the center. The 
bounding line is called the circumference. 

Note. In Geography, the term circle is sometimes ap¬ 
plied to the circumference. 

Q. What are great circles of a sphere ? 

Those which pass through its center. All 
which do not pass through the center are 
small circles. 

Q. What is an arc ? 

A portion of the circumference of a circle. 

Q. How are arcs measured ? 

Every circle is divided into 360 degrees, 
every degree into 60 minutes, every minute 
into 60 seconds, and these are used for the 
measurement of arcs. 


* This lesson should be illustrated by a sphere or by figures on a blackboard. 































8 GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. 


GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. 


1. THE EARTH. 

Q. What is Geography ? 

A description of the surface of the Earth. 

Q. AVhat do we understand by “ the Earth ?” 

The globe or world on which we live. 

Q. What is its form ? 

It is round or spherical, like a ball. 

Q. Of what does the surface of the earth consist ? 
Of land and water. 


2. LAND. 

Q. What portion of the earth is land ? 

About one-fourth part—the other three 
parts are water. 

Q. What are the principal divisions of land ? 

Continents and Islands. 

Q. AA'hat is a continent ? 

A very large extent of land, surrounded 
by water, as the Eastern Continent and 
Western Continent. 

Note. Divisions are sometimes called continents, as 
Asia, Africa. 

Q. What is an island ? 

A portion of land less than a continent, 
entirely surrounded by water, as Atistralia. 

Q. AA'hat other natural divisions of land ? 

Peninsulas, Isthmuses, Capes and Prom¬ 
ontories. 

Note. These divisions are parts of continents or 
islands. 

Q. What is a peninsula ? 

A portion of land almost surrounded by 
water. Africa is a peninsula. 

Q. AThat is an isthmus ? 

A narrow neck of land connecting two 
large divisions of land, as the Isthmus of 
Darien. 


Q. AYhat is a cape? 

A point of land extending into the sea, 
as the Cape of Good Hope. 

Q. AA’hat is a promontory ? 

A high point of land extending into the 
sea. 

Q. How is the earth diversihcd ? 

By Mountains, Hills, Plains and Valleys. 

Q. AA'hat is a mountain ? 

A high elevation of land. A continuous 
elevation, or a number of mountains con¬ 
nected together, is called a chain or range 
of mountains, as the Andes. 

Note. The tops of the highest mountains are covered 
with ice and snow, even in the warmest regions of the earth. 

Q. AA'hat is a volcano ? 

It is a mountain sending forth fire and 
smoke, also lava or melted stones, from an 
opening at the top, called a crater. 

Note. Some volcanoes are constantly burning, while 
others are intermittent in their eruptions. 

Q. AA’hat is a hill ? 

An elevation of land not so high as a 
mountain. 

Q. What is a plain ? 

A level tract of land. 

Note. High and extended tracts of land are called 
Table Lands, or Plateaus. 

Q. AVhat is a valley ? 

A portion of land situated between moun¬ 
tains or hills. 

Q. AATiat is a desert ? 

A sandy, barren tract of land. 

Note. A fertile spot in a desert is called an oasis. 

Q. What is a shore, or coast ? 

A portion of land bordering on the Avater; 
as the Atlantic coast—Long Island sliore. 



















GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. 



MOCNTAISS, HILLS, PLAINS AND TALLKYS. 


8. WATER. 

Q. How is the water divided ? 

Into Oceans, Seas, Archipelagoes, Gulfs, 
Bays, Sounds, Channels, Straits, Lakes, and 
Rivers. 

Q. What is an ocean ? 

It is the largest extent of water,—as the 
Pacific ocean. 

Q. How many oceans are there ? 

Five.—The Northern, Southern, Pacific, 
Atlantic and Indian. They are all connected 
and form one vast body of salt water. 

Q. What is a sea ? 

A collection of salt water smaller than 
an ocean, and nearly surrounded by land. 

Q. What is an Archipelago ? 

It is a sea containing many islands. 

Note. The term archipelago is also applied to groups 
of islands. 

Q. What are gulfs and bays V 

Portions of the sea or ocean, extending 
into the land. 


Q. What is a strait ? 

A narrow passage connecting two large 
bodies of water. 

Q. What is a channel ? 

A wide strait. 

Q. What is a sound ? 

A strait or channel that may be measured 
with lead and line. 

Q. What is a lake ? 

A body of water surrounded by land, ex¬ 
cept where it receivesor discharges its waters. 

Note. The water of most lakes is fresh. Salt Lakes 
are generally called seas,—as the Caspian. 

Q. What is a river ? 

A large stream of water, flowing from its 
source into larger streams or other bodies 
of water. 

Note 1. Small streams are called creeks, rivulets, 
brooks or rills. 

Note 2. The banks of a river are the land bordering 
on its sides. Tbe right bank is that on the right hand 
side as you descend the stream, and the left bank is on 
the opposite side. 


















GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. 


BODIKS OF LAND AND WATER. 


Q. How are rivers formed ? 

By a union of rivulets flowing from 
springs, issuing from high lands, or from 
lakes or ponds. 

Q. Where is the source of a river ? 

That place from which it begins to flow, 
as a spring or lake. 

Q. What is the mouth of a river ? 

The place where it discharges its waters. 

Note. The space occupied by the water of a river is 
called its bed or channel. 


4. MAPS. 

Q. Describe a map. 

A map is a picture of a part or the whole 
of the earth’s surface, as it would appear if 
viewed from a place above it. 

Note. See map of continent, &c., above. 

Q. What docs a map represent ? 

The forms of Continents, Oceans, Islands, 
Lakes, Rivers, <fec. 

Q. In what direction is the top of the map sup¬ 
posed to be ? I 


North. 

Q. The bottom of a map ? 

South. 

Q. The right hand ? 

East. 

Q. The left hand ? 

West. 

Q. What are these directions called ? 

The cardinal or chief points of the com¬ 
pass. 


5. HEMISPHERES.^ 

Q. What does the word Hemisphere signify ? 

Half of a globe or sphere. 

Q. How many Hemispheres are there ? 

Two, the Eastern and Western. 

Note. If we take an orange and cut it into halves 
and place these halves side by side, with their flat .sur¬ 
faces on the wall, they will represent the Hemispheres. 

Q. Which is the Eastern Hemisphere ? 

The one on the right hand. 

• See globe or map No. 1. 


Cliannel 


OCEAN 


























GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. 11 


Q. TVhat does the map on the Eastern Hemisphere 
represent? 

The Eastern side of the earth; viz: Eu¬ 
rope, Asia, Africa, and a part of Oceanica, 
together with the Indian ocean, and parts 
of the Northern, Southern, Pacific and At¬ 
lantic oceans. 

Q. Which is the Western Hemisphere? 

The one on the left hand. 

Q. What does the map of the Western Hemisphere 
represent ? 

The Western half of the earth. It con¬ 
tains North and South America, and the 
remaining part of Oceanica ; also a part of 
the Northern, Southern, Atlantic and Pacific 
oceans. 

Q. Which Hemisphere contains the most land ? 

The Eastern. 

Q. Which the most water ? 

The Western. 

Q. For what is the Eastern Continent distin¬ 
guished ? 

For containing the most land, the highest 
mountains, and the greatest number of in¬ 
habitants. 

Q. For what is the Western Continent noted ? 

For the number and magnitude of its 
lakes, its extended ranges of mountains, 
and the length of its rivers. 

G. SIZE AND MOTIONS OF THE EARTH, 
EQUATOR AND CIRCLES. 

Note. The teacher should use a globe to illustrate 
this lesson. 

Q. What is the size of the Earth ? 

It is about 25,000 miles in circumference 
and nearly 8,000 in diameter. 

Note. The earth is not an exact sphere, the polar di¬ 
ameter being but 7,900 miles, while the equatorial is 7,926. 

Q. What is the axis of the Earth ? 

It is an imaginary line passing through 
its center, from north to south, upon which 
it turns. 

Q. What are the Poles? 


The ends of the Earth’s axis. 

The northern is called the north Pole, 
the southern the south Pole. 

Note. These are also imaginary. 

Q. What motions has the Earth ? 

It has one on its axis, called the diurnal . 
or daily motion, and one around the sun, 
called the annual or yearly motion. 

Note. The earth revolves or turns on its axis from 
west to east, once in twenty-four hours; this causes day 
and night. It revolves around the sun once in 365^ days. 
This, with the inclination of its axis to the plane of its 
orbit, causes the different lengths of days and nights, and 
the change of the seasons. 

Note, 'fne earth has other motions, which the pupil 
will learn about in the study of Astronomy. 

Q. What is the Equator ? 

An imaginary great circle of the earth 
situated at equal distances from the poles. 

Q. How does it divide the earth ? 

Into two equal parts called the Northern 
and Southern Hemispheres. 

Q. How is the Equator represented on the map of 
the hemispheres ? 

By a line crossing it from east to west, 
and marked 0 on its sides. 

Q. What are the Tropics ? 

Two imaginary small circles parallel to 
the equator and 23i° from it. 

The northern is called the Tropic of Can¬ 
cer, and the southern the Tropic of Capri¬ 
corn. 

Q. What are the Polar Circles ? 

Two imaginary small circles parallel to 
the tropics and 23^° from the poles. 

The northern is called the Arctic Circle, 
and the southern the Antarctic Circle. 

Questions on Globe or Map No. 1. Point out the 
North pole. South pole. Equator. Eastern hemis¬ 
phere. Western hemisphere. Northern hemisphere. 
Southern hemisphere. Tropics. Polar circles. 


7. LATITUDE. 
Q. What is Latitude ? 











12 GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. 


Distance from the equator either north 
or south. 

Q. How is Latitude represented ? 

By lines crossing the map from the right 
to the left, and numbered on its sides. 

Q. What are these lines called ? 

Parallels of Latitude, because they pass 
around tlie earth parallel with the equator. 

Q. What do the figures attached to the parallels of 
Latitude show ? 

The number of degrees of Latitude. 

Q. Where do we begin to reckon the degrees of 
latitude ? 

At the Equator. 

Q. How many degrees between the equator and each 
of the poles? 

Ninety. 

Q. What is said of places either north or south of 
the equator ? 

Those north of the equator are in North 
Latitude, and those south, are in South Lat¬ 
itude. 

Q. What of places on the equator ? 

They have no Latitude. 

Q. What is the length of each degree of latitude ? 

Sixty geographical miles, or sixty-nine and 
a quarter statute miles. 

Note. The geographical mile must be distinguished 
from the statute mile. The former may be longer or 
shorter—the latter is always of the same length. 

Q. How then may we learn the distance of a place 
from the equator ? 

By determining the number of degrees 
between it and the equator, and reducing 
them to miles. 


8. LONGITUDE. 

Q. What Is Longitude ? 

Distance east or west from some given 
meridian. 

Q. What are Meridians ? 

Great circles of the earth, extending from 
pole to pole, cutting the equator at right 
angles. These circles, marked by lines ex¬ 


tending from the top to the bottom of the 
map, represent Longitude. 

Q. From what meridian do we usually reckon 
Longitude ? 

That of Greenwich, in England, which is 
marked 0 on the map, and is called the first 
meridian. 

Q. What is the custom of different nations in this 
respect ? 

To reckon Longitude from their capitals, 
—as the United States fromWashington city. 

Q. Where are the degrees of Longitude usually 
marked on the maps ? 

On the map of the world, they are marked 
on the equator; but on other maps they are 
usually placed at the top and bottom. 

Q. How many degrees of Longitude are there ? 

Beginning at the first meridian there are 
180 degrees of East Longitude, and 180 de¬ 
grees of West. 

Q. How many degrees, then, around the earth ? 

Three hundred and sixty. 

Q. What Longitude have places on the first merid¬ 
ian ? 

No Longitude. 

Q. How can you tell whether the Longitude of a 
place be East or West ? 

If the figures or degrees increase from 
loft to right, the Longitude is East; if they 
increase from right to left it is West. 

Q. What is the length of a degree of Longitude ? 

It is sixty-nine and a quarter miles on the 
equator, but the degrees constantly lessen 
from the equator to the poles, where they 
cease to have any length.* 

9. ZONES. 

Q. What are Zones ? 

Divisions of the earth’s surface formed by 
the tropics and the polar circles. 

Note. The word Zone means a belt; hence it is applied 
to these portions of the earth’s surface, because they sur¬ 
round the earth like a belt. 

* See page 23, Table. 










GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. 13 


Q. How many Zones are there ? 

Five.—The North Frigid; the South Frig¬ 
id ; the North Temperate; the South Tem¬ 
perate, and the Torrid Zone. 

Q. Which is the North Frigid? 

That part of the earth which lies around 
the North Pole, within the Arctic Circle. 

Q. Which is the South Frigid ? 

That part of the earth which lies around 
the South Pole, within the Antarctic Circle. 

Q. What is the climate of these Zones ? 

They are the coldest parts of the earth, 
being covered with snow and ice nearly all 
the year. Hence they are called the Frigid 
Zones. 

Q. Do they produce any grain or fruits ? 

Neither grain nor esculent fruits are cul¬ 
tivated, and the trees are few and small. 

Q. What animals are found ? 

Only the most hardy kinds, as the white 
beaf, musk ox, reindeer and seal. 

Q. What can you say of their inhabitants ? 

No inhabitants have been found in the 
South Frigid Zone. Those of the North 
Frigid Zone are few in number, and gener¬ 
ally uncivilized. 

Q. What part of the earth’s surface is embraced by 
the North Temperate Zone ? 

That part situated between the Tropic of 
Cancer and the Arctic Circle. 

Q. What part by the South Temperate Zone ? 

That part situated between the Tropic of 
Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle. 

Q. What is the climate of the Temperate Zones ? 

Generally mild and pleasant, but in some 
parts variable. 

Q. What can you say of their productions ? 

They are numerous and important.— 
Among them are the various grains, such 
as wheat, rye, oats, Indian corn, cotton, rice, 
and the sugar cane ; also many other useful 
and beautiful productions of the vegetable 
kingdom. 


Q. What animals are found in great numbers and 
variety ? 

The domestic,—as the horse, ox, cow, 
sheep, goat, swine, <fec. 

Q. What may be said of their minerals ? 

They are rich and abundant, embracing 
almost every variety. 

Q. For what is the North Temperate Zone more 
particular!}'’ distinguished ? 

For containing the most important coun¬ 
tries, the most powerful nations, and the lar¬ 
gest portion of the inhabitants of the earth. 

Q. How may the inhabitants of these Zones be 
characterized ? 

By their possessing fairer complexions, 
more regular features, stronger intellects, 
and greater energy of character, than the 
inhabitants of either of the other zones. 

Q. Where is the Torrid Zone situated ? 

On both sides of the equator, between the 
Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. 

Q. What is its climate ? 

It is the warmest part of the earth. Snow 
and ice are here never seen, except on the 
tops of the highest mountains. For this 
reason it is called the Torrid Zone. 

Q. What are the productions of this Zone ? 

Tea, colfee, pepper, spice, cloves, nutmegs, 
rice, oranges, lemons, and various other 
fruits. 

Q. What animals are peculiar to this Zone ? 

The largest and most powerful in the world, 
—as the elephant, the lion, camelopard, rhi¬ 
noceros, tiger, hippopotamus, camel, &c. 

Q. Describe its inhabitants ? 

They are generally of a dark complexion, 
and, with a few exceptions, deficient in in¬ 
telligence, industry, and enterprise. 

Q. To what is the Torrid Zone subject? 

The most violent storms of wind, which 
often prostrate every thing in their way. 
Also to destructive earthquakes and deadly 
diseases. ^ 

















































































210 ^ 

Cr iss 


Vir-jui*'-"*-' 






I 










































































THE WORLD. 

SQUAEE MILES, 190,000,000. 

POPULATION, 1,000,000,000. 

KEY TO MAP* NO. 1 

GRAND DIVISIONS. 

14 Sea of Okhotsk, 

1 North America, 

15 Sea of Yesso, 

2 South America, 

16 Sea of Japan," 

3 Europe, 

17 Yellow Sea, 

4 Asia, 

18 Eastern Sea, 

6 Africa, 

19 China Sea, 

6 OCEAKICA. 

20 Gulf of Siam, 

21 Bat of Bengal, 

—- 

22 Sea of Arabia, 

POLES, CIRCLES AND ZONES. 

23 Persian Gulf, 

24 Red Sea, 

7 North Pole, 

25 Gulp of Guinea, 

8 South Pole, 

26 Mediterranean Sea, 

9 Equator, 

27 Bat of Biscat, 

10 Tropic of Cancer, 

28 North Sea, 

11 Tropic of Capricorn, 

29 Baltic Sea, 

12 Arctic Circle, 

30 White Sea, 

13 Antarctic Circle, 

31 Gulf of Obi, 

14 Torrid Zone, 

32 Black Sea, 

15 North Temperate Zone, 

33 Caspian Sea, 

10 South Temperate Zone, 

34 Aral Sea. 

' 17 North Frigid Zone, 

18 South Frigid Zone. 

STRAITS AND CHANNELS. 

85 Behring’s Strait, 

OCEANS. 

36 Davis’ Strait, 

1 Northern or Arctic, 

37 Hudson’s Strait, 

2 Atlantic, 

38 Magellan Strait, 

8 Pacific, 

89 Torres Strait, 

4 Indian, 

40 Bass Strait, 

6 Southern or Antarctic. 

41 SuNDA Strait, 

42 Malacca Strait, 


43 Bab-el-Mandeb Strait, 

SEAS, GULFS AND BAYS. 

44 Mozambique Channel, 

45 Strait of Gibraltar, 

6 Baffin’s Bat, 

7 Hudson’s Bat, 

8 Gulf of St. Lawrence, 

9 Gulf of Mexico, 

46 English Channel. 

10 Caribbean Sea, 

ISLANDS. 

11 Bat of Panama, 

47 Prince William’s, 

12 Gulf of California, 

48 Greenland, 

13 Eamtchatka Sea, 

49 Iceland, 


















THE WORLD. 17 

60 Newfoundland, 

102 Celebes, 

61 Azores, 

103 Borneo, 

62 Bermudas, 

104 Java, 

63 West India, 

105 Sumatra, 

64 Cape Verde Islands, 

106 Ceylon, 

65 Joannes, 

107 Madagascar, 

66 Falkland, 

108 Mascarentia, 

57 Terra del Fuego, 

109 St. Paul’s, 

68 South Georgia, 

110 Kerguelen, 

69 Sandwich Land, 

111 Crozet, 

60 South Orkney, 

112 Antarctic Continent, 

61 South Shetland, 

113 Enderby Land, 

62 Graham’s Land, 

114 Tristan, 

63 Victoria Land, 

116 St. Helena, 

64 Balleny Islands, 

116 Ascension, 

65 Juan Fernandez, 

117 Canary, 

66 St. Felix, 

118 Madeira, 

67 Gallipagos, 

119 Great Britain, 

68 Aleutian, 

120 Ireland. 

69 Sandwich, 


70 Palmyras, 

71 Marquesas, 

CAPES AND PENINSULAS. 

72 Pitcairn’s, 

121 Pt. Barrow, 

73 Society, 

122 Cape Farewell, 

74 New Zealand, 

123 Cape Race, 

75 Navigator’s, 

124 Cape Sable, N. S. 

76 Friendly, 

125 Peninsula of Florida, 

77 New Caledonia, 

126 Cape Sable, F. 

78 New Hebrides, 

127 Cape St. Roque, 

79 Solomon, 

128 Cape Horn, 

80 Mulgrate, 

129 Cape Blanco, 

81 Radack, 

130 Cape St. Lucas, 

82 Spitzbergen, 

131 Peninsula of California, 

83 Nova Zembla, 

132 Peninsula of Alaska, 

84 New Siberia, 

133 Cape Prince op Wales, 

86 Koorile, 

134 Cape East, 

86 Saghalien, 

135 Cape North, 

87 Yesso, 

136 Cape North-east, 

88 Niphon, 

137 Peninsula of Kamtchatka, 

89 Magellan’s Archipelago, 

138 Peninsula op Corea, 

90 Loo Choo, 

139 Peninsula of Malacca, 

91 Formosa, 

140 Cape Comorin, 

92 Philippine, 

141 Cape Guardafui, 

93 Ladrone, 

142 Cape Good Hope, 

94 Caroline, 

143 Cape Verde. 

95 New Ireland, 

. 

96 New Georgia, 

97 New Guinea, 

MOUNTAINS AND DESERTS. 

98 Louisiade, 

99 Australia, 

144 Rocky, 

100 Van Pieman’s Land, 

145 Alleghany, 

101 Spice, 

146 Andes, 


















18 

THE WORLD. 



147 Geral, 



RIVERS. 



148 Brazilian, 



186 M.vckenzie’s, 



149 Scandinavian, 



187 St. Lawrence, 



150 Ural, 



188 Mississippi, 



151 Altai, 



189 Ohio, 



152 Stanovoi, 



190 Missouri, 



153 Tiiian Shan, 



191 Arkansas, 



154 Kuen Lun, 



192 Rio Grande, 



155 Meling, 



193 Colorado, 



156 Himalaya, 



194 Columbia, 



157 Hindoo Koosh, 



195 Orinoco, 



158 Caucasus, 



196 Amazon, 



159 Carpathian, 



197 Negro, 



160 Alps, 



198 UCAYALE, 



161 Apennines, 



199 Madeira, 



162 Pyrenees, 



200 Tocantins, 



163 Atlas, 



201 St. Francisco, 



164 Kong, 



202 Rio de la Plata, 



165 Moon, 



203 Parana, 



166 Crystal, 



204 Paraguay, 



167 Snow, 



205 Obi, 



168 Desert of Cobi, 



206 Yenisei, 



169 Arabian Desert, 



207 Lena, 



170 Sahara Desert. 



208 Amoor, 






209 Hoang Ho, 






210 Yang tse Kiang, 



LAKESw 



211 Cambodia, 






212 Irrawaddy, 



171 Great Bear, 



213 Brahmapootra, 



172 Great Slave, 



214 Ganges, 



173 Athabasca, 



215 Indus, 



174 Winnipeg, 



216 Euphrates, 



175 Superior, 



217 Amoo, 



176 Michigan, 



218 Ural, 



177 Huron, 



219 Volga, 



178 Erie, 



220 Don, 



179 Ontario, 



221 Danube, 



180 Titicaca, 



222 Nile, 



181 Tchany, 



223 Zambeze, 



182 Baikal, 



224 Orange, 



183 Tchad, 



225 Congo, 



184 Ukerewe, 



226 Niger, 



185 Maravi. 



227 Senegal. 



RELATIVE HEIGHT OF SOME OF THE PRINCIPAL MOUNTAINS ON THE GLOBE 



1 Mt, Everest, Asia, 

29,002 feet. 

10 Mt. Teneriffe, Canary Isles, 

12,200 feet. 

2 Aconcagua, S. America, 

23,910 


11 Pike’s Peak, North America, 

11,500 


3 Chimborazo, S. America, 

21,424 

(( 

12 Jiitna, Vol., Europe, 

10,870 


4 Cotopaxi, Vol., S. America, 

18,875 

U 

13 Sinai, Asia, 

7,500 

U 

5 Mt. St. Elias, N. America, 

17,900 

u 

14 Mt. Washington, North America, 

6,234 

t( 

6 Popocatapetl, VoL, Mexico, 

17,700 

(( 

15 Katahdin, North America, 

6,385 


7 Mt. Ararat, Asia, 

17,300 

u 

16 Hecla, Vol., Iceland, 

5,110 

(( 

S Mt. Blanc, Europe, 

15,810 

t( 

17 Vesuvius, Vol., Europe, 

3,968 

ii 

9 Mt. Hooker, N. America, 

15,690 

(( 























THE WORLD. 


19 


QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE. 


SEAS, GULFS AND BAYS. 

Describe a sea. What sea north of South America ? 
10. Describe a bay. What two large bays in the 
northern part of North America? 6, 7. Describe a 
gulf. What large gulf on the southern coast of North 
America ? 9. What gulf west of the island of New¬ 
foundland ? 8. What gulf on the western coast of 
North America ? 12. What bay south of the Isthmus 
of Darien? 11. 


STRAITS. 

Describe a strait. What strait separates North 
America from Asia ? 35. What strait connects Baffin’s 
Bay with the Atlantic Ocean ? 36. What strait at 
the southern extremity of South America ? 38. 


ISLANDS. 

Describe an island. What island west of Baffin’s 
Bay ? 47. What island east of Baffin’s Bay ? 48. 
What island east of Greenland? 49. What island 
east of the Gulf of St. Lawrence? 50. What two 
clusters of islands in the Atlantic Ocean east of North 
America ? 51, 52. Where are the West India Islands ? 
63. What island does the Strait of Magellan separate 
from South America ? 57. What islands east of Terra 
del Fuego? 56, 58. Where are the islands of Juan 
Fernandez ? 65. What is the principal group of isl¬ 
ands in the Pacific Ocean north of the^Equator? 69. 
Which is the most southern island in Oceanica? 74. 


CAPES AND PENINSULAS. 

Describe a cape. Which is the most western cape 
in North America? 133. Which is the most eastern 


QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF 

SEAS, BAYS AND GULFS. 

What seas on the eastern coast of Asia? 14^19. 
What sea on its Southern coast? 22. What sea be¬ 
tween Asia and Africa ? 24. What Sea between Eu¬ 
rope and Africa ? 26. Europe has three seas on its 
northern coast; give their names. 28-30. Where is 


cape in the Western Hemisphere ? 127. Which is the 
most southern cape in the Western Hemisphere ? 128. 
What is the most western cape of South America ? 129. 
What cape west of the Gulf of-California ? 130. What 
cape forms the southern point of Greenland? 122. 
What two capes does Behring Strait separate ? 133, 
134. Describe a peninsula. What peninsula east of 
the Gulf of Mexico ? 126. 


MOUNTAINS. 

Describe a mountain. What range of mountains 
on the Atlantic coast of North America ? 145. What 
range of mountains extends the whole length of North 
America ? 144. What mountains extend the whole 
length of South America ? 146. 


LAKES. 

Describe a lake. What five large lakes in North 
America are connected, and discharge their waters 
into the Gulf of St. Lawrence? 175-179. 


RIVERS. 

Describe a river. What river flows into the North¬ 
ern Ocean? 186. What large river flows into the 
Gulf of St. Lawrence? 187. Of what lakes is it the 
outlet? 175-179. What two rivers flow into theGulf 
of Mexico ? 188, 192. What three principal branches 
has the Mississippi? 189-191. What large rivers in 
South America flow into the Atlantic Ocean ? 195,196, 
202. What river flows Into the Rio de la Plata? 203. 
What river flows into the Parana ? 204. What river 
flows into the Gulf of California? 193. What river 
of North America flows into the Pacific Ocean? 194. 


THE EASTERN HEMISPHERE. 

the Black Sea?. 32. What two seas east of the Black 
Sea ? 33, 34. What sea south-east of the island of 
Nova Zembla? 31. What bay south of Asia? 21. 
What bay west of Europe ? 27. Where is the Gulf 
of Siam ? 20. What gulf has Africa on its western 
coast? 25. 























i 


20 THE WORLD. 


CHANNELS AND STRAITS. 

In what part of Africa i.s the Mozambique Channel ? 

44. What strait west of the peninsula of Malacca ? 42. 
What strait between the island of Sumatra and Java ? 
41. What strait at the entrance of the Red Sea ? 43. 
What strait at the entrance of the Mediterranean ? 

45. 

ISLANDS. 

What islands in the Northern Ocean ? 82-84. 
Where are the Koorile Isles ? 85. What islands east 
of the sea of Japan? 87, 88. What empire do they 
form? Ans. Empire of Japan. AY hat island does the 
Tropic of Cancer cross ? 91. Mention the principal isl¬ 
ands east and south of Asia in Oceanica. 102-105,99. 
What island south of Ilindostan? 100. What large 
island on the eastern coast of Africa? 107. AYhat 
land in the Southern Ocean? 113. VYhere is the Isl¬ 
and of St. Helena? 115. For what is it remarkable? 
Ans. As the place of Napoleon’s exile and death. 
What islands on the coast of Africa near the strait of 
Gibraltar? 118. What islands west of Europe? 119, 
120 . 


CAPES AND PENINSULAS. 

AVhere is the Cape of Good Hope ? 142. AVhat cape 
east of Africa ? 141. A\"hat peninsula forms the most 
southern point of Asia? 139. What peninsula ca.st I 


of the Sea of Okhotsk ? 137. Where in Europe is 
Cape North ? 135. 


xMOUNTAINS. 

AYhat are the principal ranges of mountains in Asia ? 
151-157. In Africa? 163-1G7. What two ranges 
form a part of the boundary line between Europe and 
Asia? 150, 158. In what particular do the moun¬ 
tains on the Eastern Continent differ from those on 
the Western? Ans. Those on the Eastern Continent 
have the general direction of east and west, while 
those on the Western run north and south. 


LAKES. 

From what lake does the Yenisei flow ? 182. What 
lakes in Africa ? 183-185. 

RIVERS. 

What three large rivers flow into the Northern 
Ocean? 205-207. What two large rivers flow into 
the Yellow Sea? 209, 210. What three principal 
rivers flow into the Bay of Bengal? 212-214. Into 
what does the River Indus flow ? 22. The Persian 
Gulf receives the waters of what river? 216. Into 
what docs the Nile flow ? 26. What rivers on the 
western coast of Africa ? 225-227. What two large 
rivers flow into the Caspian Sea? 218, 219. AA'hat 
river flows into the Black Sea? 221. 


QUESTIONS ON BOTH HEMISPHERES. 


In what latitude is North America ? South Amer¬ 
ica? Europe? Asia? Africa? Australia? AVhat 
is the latitude of Cape Farewell ? Cape Horn ? Cape 
of Good Hope ? Behring’s Strait ? Borneo ? 

What is the longitude of the Isthmus of Darien ? 
Isthmus of Suez ? Cape St. Roque ? Cape Horn ? 
Cape of Good Hope ? Madagascar ? 

In what zones is North America ? South America ? 
Europe ? Asia ? Africa ? 

What grand divisions are crossed by the Equator ? 
2, 5, 6. What by the Tropic of Cancer? What by 
the Tropic of Capricorn ? What by the Arctic Circle ? 
What islands are crossed by the Equator ? 67, 101- 

103, 105. What two large islands by the Tropic of 
Capricorn ? 99, 107. Are any divisions crossed by the 
Antarctic Circle? What lands in the South Frigid Zone? 


What grand divisions border on the Atlantic Ocean ? 
On the Pacific ? On the Indian ? Bound North Amer¬ 
ica. South America. Europe. Asia. Africa. 

Name the gulfs and bays tributary to the Atlantic 
Ocean? 6-16, 25-29. To the Pacific? 11-13, 20-24. 
What bay in the northern part of North America? 7. 
What sea between North and South America ? 10. 
What seas between Europe and Asia? 22, 23. 

Name the straits in the Eastern Hemisphere. 39- 
46. 

Name the islands in the North Frigid Zone ? 42, 82- 
84. What islands between North and 'South America ? 
53. What island east of Greenland ? 49. 

Name the rivers that flow into the Northern Ocean. 
171-265, 206, 207. On which side of the Western 
Hemisphere are the rivers the largest ? Why ? 



















GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. 


21 



THE RACES OF MEN. 


10. RACES OF MEN. 

Q. How are mankind divided ? 

Into five races of men, viz.: the European 
or Caucasian, the Asiatic or Mongolian, the 
American, the Malay, and the African. 

Q. How is the European race distinguished? 

By fair, or white complexion, and regular 
features. 

Q. What nations are included in the European race ? 

The people of Europe, excepting Lapland¬ 
ers; those of Western Asia, Northern Africa, 
and the white inhabitants of America. 

Q. How is the Asiatic race distinguished ? 

By a yellow complexion, flat forehead, 
and small eyes. 

Q. What nations does it include ? 

Those of Eastern Asia, excepting the Ma¬ 
lays; the Finns, Laplanders, Greenlanders, 
and Esquimaux. 

Q. How is the American Indian race distin¬ 
guished ? 

By the red complexion, straight black 
hair and high cheek bones. 

Q. What nation does it include ? 

2 


All the Indians of America except the 
Esquimaux and those of Greenland. 

Q. How is the Malay race distinguished ? 

By a brown complexion and large features. 
Q. What nations are included in this race ? 

The people of Malacca, Malaysia and the 
Asiatic isles. 

Q. How is the African, or black race distinguished ? 
By a brownish black color, low forehead, 
dark woolly hair and thick lips. 

Q. What nations does it include ? 

The negroes of Africa, Australia and New 
Zealand. 


11. STAGES OF SOCIETY. 

Q. On what does the social condition of men depend? 

On their progress in knowledge, learning 
and refinement; and on their skill in the 
mechanical arts. 

Q. What do the different degrees of advancement 
among men in these particulars form ? 

Various stages of society. 

Q. How many of these are there ? 













23 GEOGRAPHICAL T) E F I x\ ITI 0 N S. 


Four, viz.: savage, or barbarous, half-civ¬ 
ilized, civilized and enlightened. 

Q. AVhat can you say of savage nations? 

They live by hunting, fishing, and plun¬ 
der; dwell in huts or caverns, and dress in 
the skins of animals; as the American In¬ 
dians. 

Q. What is the condition of half-civilized nations ? 

They understand agriculture and many of 
the arts tolerably well. They have written 
languages, and some knowledge of books. 
Example; Chinese. 

Q. What nations are civilized? 

Those which have a knowledge of the 
arts and the sciences; and who derive their 
subsistence from agriculture, manufactures 
and commerce. 

Q. Give examples ? 

The natives of Mexico, Paraguay, &c. 

Q. For what are enlightened nations noted ? 

Intelligence, enterprise, industry and 
their great skill in the arts and sciences. 
They arc also more courteous than other 
nations, and treat their females with respect 
and politeness. 

Q. What nations are enlightened ? 

The United States, Great Britain, and the 
northern and central European States. 

Q. How are enlightened and civilized nations dis¬ 
tinguished ? 

By the number and variety of their public 
buildings, and their works of national utili¬ 
ty, as colleges, hospitals, libraries, bridges, 
canals, railroads, &c. 


12. GOVERNMENT. 

Q What are the different forms of Government ? 
Monarchy, Aristocracy and Democracy. 

Q. What is Monarchy ? 

It is a government in which the power is 
vested in a king, or emperor, who usually 
rules during life. * 


Note. Monarchies are of two kinds, Absolute and 
Limited. 

Q. What is an Absolute Monarchy ? 

It is one where the will of the monarch 
is law; as China, Persia. 

Q. What is a Limited Monarchy? 

That in which the power of a monarch is 
limited by a constitution or law. Great 
Britain is a Limited Monarchy. 

Q. What is an Aristocracy ? 

A government by the nobles. 

Q. What is a Democracy ? 

A government by the people. 

Note. In a Democracy, the supreme power is usually 
placed in the hands of rulers chosen by, and from the 
whole body of the people, or by their representatives in 
a national assembly. 


13. POLITICAL DIVISIONS. 

Q. What are the Political Divisions of the earth ? 

Empires, Kingdoms, Republics, Ac. 

Q. What is an Empire ? 

A country controlled or governed by an 
emperor. Example; Russian Empire. 

Q. What is a Kingdom ? 

A country governed by a king or queen. 

Q. What is a Republic ? 

A country governed by men who are cho¬ 
sen by the people. 

Q. W’'hat is the chief officer of a Republic called ? 

A president. 

Q. How are Empires, Kingdoms, and Republics 
subdivided ? 

Into Departments, Cantons, Provinces, 
States, Territories, Parishes, Districts, Ac. 

Note. States are subdivided into Counties, Parishes, 
or Districts, and these into Cities, Towns and Villages. 

14. RELIGION. 

Q. AVhat are the principal systems of Religion ? 

Christian, Mohammedan, Jewish and 
Pagan. 

Q. W'hat nations are called Christian ? 














GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. 


Those that believe in Jesus Christ as a 
Saviour. 

Q. How are Christians divided ? 

Into Protestant,Greek and RomanCatholic. 

Q. Who are Mohammedans ? 

Those who believe in Mohammed who 
lived about 600 years after Christ. 


23 


Q. Who are the Jews ? 

Those who believe in the Old Testament 
but reject the New, and expect a Saviour 
yet to come. 

Q. Who are Pagans ? 

Those who believe in false gods and prac¬ 
tice idolatry. 


QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF THE WORLD. 


In what latitude is North America ? South Amer¬ 
ica ? Europe ? Asia ? Africa ? Australia ? What 
is the latitude of Cape Farewell ? Cape Horn ? Cape 
of Good Hope ? Behring’s Strait ? Borneo ? 

What is the longitude of the Isthmus of Darien V 
Isthmus of Suez ? Cape St. Roque ? Cape Horn ? 
Cape of Good Hope ? Madagascar ? 


In what zones is North America ? South America ? 
Europe ? Asia ? Africa ? What seas and bay in 
the Torrid Zone ? What sea and bays in the North 
Temperate Zone? What bay in the North Frigid 
Zone ? What is the width of the Torrid Zone ? Of 
the North Temperate ? 


TABLE OF LONGITUDE. 


The following Table shows the number of miles in a degree of longitude on a parallel of latitude for 
every five degrees from the Equator to the Poles,—sixty geographical miles being taken equal to sixty-nine 
and a quarter statute miles. 


Degree of Latitude. Geographical Miles. 

Statute Miles. 

Degree of Latitude. 

Geographical Miles. 

Statute Miles. 

0 

60.00 

69.25 

60 

38.57 

44.43 

5 

59.77 

68.85 

55 

34.41 

39.64 

10 

69.09 

68.06 

60 

30.00 

34.56 

16 

57.95 

66.76 

65 

25.36 

29.21 

20 

66.38 

64.95 

70 

20.52 

23.64 

25 

54.38 

62.64 

75 

16.53 

17.89 

30 

61.96 

69.85 

80 

10.42 

12.00 

35 

49.15 

56.62 

86 

6.23 

6.02 

40 

45.96 

52.94 

90 

0.00 

0.00 

45 

42.43 

48.88 






TABLE OF RACES. 



European, or Caucasian, 
Asiatic, or Mongolian, . 

• 

• 

. 


420 millions. 
460 millions. 

African, or Negro, . 
Malay, . 

American, or Indian, 

• 

* 

• 

. 

60 millions. 
40 millions. 
20 millions. 


TABLE OF 

PREVAILING 

SYSTEMS OF RELIGION. 


Jews, 

Christians, 

Pagans, . . 

Mohammedans, 

• 

• 

. 

• 

5 millions. 
300 millions. 
595 millions. 
100 millions. 
























vj. ^ . 


^-^164N 

CO 

\^3 3 




( ff \ 

W 1 A 























































NORTH AMERICA. 

SQUARE MILES, 8,370,000. 

POPULATION, 40,000,000. 

KEY TO MAE NO. 2. 

COUNTRIES, CAPITALS, CHIEF TOWNS. 

OCEANS, SEAS, GULFS AND BAYS. 

1 Russian America, i Sitka. 

1 Arctic, 

2 Atlantic, 

2 British America. 

3 Pacific, 

4 Caribbean Sea, 

Labrador. 

5 Coronation Gulf, 

6 Boothia Golf, 

Canada, l Ottawa, 2 Quebec, 3 Montreal, 4 

7 Baffin’s Bay, 

Kingston, 5 Toronto. 

8 Melville Bay, 

9 Disco Bay, 

Nova Scotia, 6 Halifax. 

10 Hudson’s Bay, 

11 James’s Bay, 

New Brunswick, 1 Fredericton. 

12 Ungava Bay, 

13 St. Lawrence Gulf, 

Newfoundland, 8 St. John’s. 

14 Bay of Fcndy, 

15 Gulf of Mexico, 

3 Greenland, l Upernavik, 2 Holsteinburg, 3 

16 Bay of Campeachy, 

Sukkertop, 4 New Hernhut, 5 

17 Bay of Honduras, 

Lichtcnfels, 6 Juliansbaab, 7 

18 Bay of Guatimala, 

Lichtenau. 

19 Gulf of Tehuantepec, 

20 Gulf of California, 

4 United States, l Washinoton, 2 Boston, 3 New 

21 San Francisco Bay, 

York, 4 Philadelphia, 6 Buffalo, 6 

22 Gulf of Georgia, 

Pittsburg, 7 Baltimore, 8 Charles- 

23 Prince of Wales Archipelago, 

ton, 9 Savannah, 10 New Orleans, 
11 St. Louis, 12 Louisville, 13 Cin¬ 
cinnati, 14 Detroit, 15 Chicago, 16 
San Francisco. 

24 Bristol Bay. 

STRAITS, CHANNELS AND SOUNDS. 

5 Mexico, 1 Mexico, 2 Chihuahua, 3 Zacatecas, 4 

25 Bank’s Strait, 

San Luis Potosi, 5 Guanajuato, 6 

26 Melville, Strait, 

Guadalajara, 7 Queretaro, 8 Puebla, 

27 Victoria Strait, 

9 Merida. 

28 Prince Regent’s Inlet, 

29 Barrow’s Strait, 

0 Balize, i Balize. 

30 Wellington Channel, 

31 Lancaster Sound, 

7 Central America, 1 San Salvador, 2 Old Guati- 

32 Smith’s Sound; 

mala, 3 New Guatimala, 4 San 

33 Davis’s Strait, 

Jose. 

34 Cumberland Strait, 
















26 NORTH AMERICA. 

85 Frobishkr Strait, 

PENINSULAS, CAPES AND ISTHMUS. 

86 Hudson’s Strait, 

81 Labrador, 

87 Bellisle Strait, 

82 Nova Scotia, 

38 Gulf Stream, 

83 Florida, 

39 Florida Strait, 

84 Yucatan, 

40 Channel of Yucatan, 

85 California, 

41 Strait of Juan de Fuca, 

86 Alaska, 

42 Prince William Sound, 

87 Cape Barrow, 

43 Cook’s Inlet, 

88 Cape Bathurst, 

44 Norton Sound, 

89 Cape Brewster, 

45 Behring’s Strait. 

90 Cape Farewell, 

1 

91 Cape Walsingham, 

* 

92 Cape Chudleigh, 


93 Cape St. Lewis, 

ISLANDS. 

94 Cape Race, 

46 Baring, 

95 Cape Sable, 

47 Meltille, 

96 Cape Cod, 

48 North Georgia, 

97 Cape Hatteras, 

49 Victoria Land, 

98 Cape Sable, Flor., 

60 Boothia, 

99 Cape St. Antonio, 

61 North Deton, 

100 Cape Catoche, 

62 Prince William’s Land, 

101 Cape Gracias a Dios, 

63 Cumberland, 

102 Cape Corrientes, 

64 Disco, 

103 Cape St. Lucas, 

65 Iceland, 

104 Cape Mendocino, 

66 Southampton, 

105 Cape Orford, 

67 Mansfield, 

106 Cape Flattert, 

68 Newfoundland, 

107 Cape Elizabeth, 

69 Anticosti, 

108 Cape Romanzoff, 

60 Cape Breton, 

109 Cape Prince of Wales, 

61 Prince Edward’s, 

110 Icy Cape, 

62 Long Island, 

111 Isthmus of Darien. 

63 Bermuda Islands, 


64 Bahama Islands, 1 Nassau. 


65 Guanahani, 


66 Cuba, 1 Havana, 2 Matanzas, 3 Puerto 


Principe, 4 Santiago de Cuba. 


67 Isle of Pines, 


68 Jamaica, 1 Spanish Town, 2 Kingston. 

MOUNTAINS. 

69 Hatti, 1 Port au Prince, 2 Cape 

112 Rooky, 

Haytien, 3 St. Domingo. 

113 Mt. Brown, 

70 Porto Kico, 1, St. John’s. 

114 Mt. Hooker, 

71 Caribbees, 

116 Arctic Highlands, 

72 Lesser Antilles, 

116 Alleghany, 

73 Retillagigedo, 

117 Sierra Madre, 

74 Santa Barbara, 

118 CosiGuiNA Volcano, 

76 Vancouver’s, 

119 Popocatapetl, 

76 Queen Charlotte’s, 

120 Sierra Nevada, 

77 Sitka, 

121 Cascade Range, 

78 Kodiak, 

122 Mount Fairweather, 

79 Shoomagin’s, 

123 Mount St. Elias, 

80 Nunitak. 

124 Great American Plains. 


















NORTH AMERICA. 27 

LAKES. 

145 Athabasca, 

125 Great Bear, 

146 Great Fish, 

126 Great Slave, 

147 Churchill, 

148 Nelson, 

127 Athabasca, 

128 Little Slave, 

149 Saskatchewan, 

150 Severn, 

129 Deer, 

130 Winnipeg, 

161 Albany, 

162 Abbitibbek, 

131 WiNNIPEGOOS, 

132 Manitoba, 

153 East Main, 

133 Lake op the Woods, 

154 Great Whale, 

134 Superior, 

156 Koksak, 

135 Michigan, 

166 St. Lawrence, 

136 Huron, 

157 Ottawa, 

137 Erie, 

158 Mississippi, 

138 Ontario, 

169 Ohio, 

139 Nicaragua, 

160 Tennessee, 

140 Chapala, 

161 Missouri, 

141 Great Salt Lake. 

162 Yellow Stone, 

RIVERS. 

163 Arkansas, 

164 Red, 

165 Brazos, 

166 Rio Grande, 

167 Colorado, 

168 Gila, 

142 Mackenzie, 

169 Columbia, 

143 Slave, 

170 Lewis, 

144 Peace, 

171 Clarke’s. 

QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF NORTH AMERICA. 

What part of the globe does North America com- 

SEAS, GULFS AND BAYS. 

prise ? 

What sea between North and South America? 

The northern division of the Western 

4. 

Continent. 

What large gulf south of the United States ? 15. 

What is its length ? 

What gulf west of Mexico ? 20. West of Newfound- 

Four thousand eight hundred miles. 

land? 13. On the west coast of British America? 

What is its breadth ? 

22. What two gulfs has British America ®n the 

From two thousand six hundred, to three 

north ? 5, 6. 

thousand two hundred miles. 

What bay separates Prince William’s Land from 

What ocean bounds North America on the north ? 
1. On the east? 2. On the west? 3. What isth- 

Greenland ? 7. What two bays in the central part 
of British America? 10, 11. What bay north of 

Labrador? 12. What bay between Nova Scotia and 

New Brunswick? 14. South of the Gulf of Mexico? 

mus connects it with South America? 111. Bound 
Greenland. Russian America. British America. 

United States. Mexico. Guatimala. Balize. Name 

16. East of Yucatan? 17. In the western part of 
the United States ? 21. South-west of Russian 

the capital of British America'. United States. Mex- 

America? 24. 

ico. Guatimala. 


















28 NORTH A M ERICA. 


STRAITS, CHANNELS AND SOUNDS. 

What strait between Asia and North America ? 45. 
What straits and inlet north of British America? 
25-30. What strait between British America and 
Greenland? 33. 

What sound north of Baffin’s Bay? 32. West? 
31. What three straits north of Labrador? 34-36. 
What strait between Newfoundland and Labrador? 
' 37. Between the United States and Cuba? 39. 
What strait connects the Gulf of Georgia with the 
Pacific Ocean ? 41. 


ISLANDS. 

What islands in the Arctic Ocean ? 46-51. Where 
I is Prince William’s Land? 52. What island in Hud¬ 
son’s Bay ? 56. East of Greenland ? 55. What west ? 
54. What three islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence ? 
59-61. What island east of this gulf? 58. What 
island upon the eastern coast of the United States 
near the parallel of 40 degrees north latitude? 62. 
AVhat group of islands south of Nova Scotia in the 
Atlantic Ocean? 63. 

Which are the four largest islands in the West 
India group ? 66, 68-70. What other islands form a 
part of this group ? 64, 71, 72. Name some of the 
Caribee islands. Ans. St. Christopher’s, Antigua, 
Guadaloupe, Martinique, St. Lucia, Barbadoes, St. 
Vincent, Grenada, Tobago, and Trinidad. Wliat 
island south of Cuba? 67. North of the Strait of 
Juan de Fuca? 75. West of British America? 76. 
What islands near the coast of Russian America? 
77-80. 


PENINSULAS AND CAPES. 

Wliat peninsula south of New Brunswick? 82. 
South of the United States ? 83. South of the Gulf 
of Mexico? 84. West of the Gulf of California? 85. 
South of Russian America ? 86. Which is the most 
northern cape of North America ? 87. Which is the 
most southern cape of Greenland? 90. What cape 
has Prince William’s Land ? 91. What two capes 
has Labrador ? 92, 93. What cape east of Newfound¬ 
land ? 94. What cape has Nova Scotia ? 95. 

What two capes on the eastern coast of the United 
States? 96, 97. What cape south of Florida? 98. 


West of Cuba? 99. What cape has Yucatan? 100. 
Guatimala? 101. What cape upon the western coast 
of Mexico? 102. At the southern point of the Penin¬ 
sula of California? 103. What capes on the western 
coast of the United States? 104-106. West of Rus¬ 
sian America? 108, 109. 


MOUNTAINS. 

What mountains extend through North America 
from north to south? 112. What are they called in 
Mexico? 117. What range of mountains on the east¬ 
ern coast of the United States? 116. What two 
ranges in the western part? 120, 121. What two 
mountains in Russian America? 122, 123. Where is 
Cosiguina Volcano ? 118. 


LAKES. 

What lakes in British America discharge their 
waters by the river Mackenzie ? 125-128. What by 
the river Nelson ? 130-132. What four great lakes 
between British America and the United States ? 134, 
136-138. What large lake wholly in the United 
States south of Lake Superior? 135. What lake in 
the United States west of the Rocky Mountains ? 
141. What lake in Guatimala? 139. 


RIVERS. 

What large river flows into the Arctic Ocean ? 142. 
What two rivers flow into Lake Athabasca ? 144, 145. 
What rivers flow into Hudson’s Bay? 147, 148, 
160. What into James’ Bay? 151-154. What 
river flows into Ungava Bay? 155. Into the Gulf 
of St. Lawrence? 156. What is its principal 
branch ? 157. 

What large river flows into the Gulf of Mexico ? 
158. Mention its principal tributaries. 159, 161, 
163, 164. What river forms part of the boundary 
line between the United States and Mexico? 166. 
What river flows into the Gulf of California? 167. 
What is its principal branch? 168. What large 
river in the United States flows into the Pacific? 
169. What are its two principal branches? 170, 
171. 

















NORTH AMERICA. 


North America is the third grand divi¬ 
sion, in size. 

It abounds with noble rivers and lakes; 
has two extended ranges of mountains, and 
is well diversified with hills and plains. 

The climate is hot in the southern portion, 
temperate in the middle, and excessively 
cold in the northern. 

Almost every variety of soil is found. 
Its productions are numerous and valuable. 
Among them are wheat, Indian corn, rye, 
oats, grass, potatoes, cotton, sugar, lumber, 
butter, cheese, and honey. 

It is quite rich in minerals, as gold, silver, 
copper, lead, coal, and iron. 

It has a large variety of animals, though 
the number of wild animals is rapidly dimin¬ 
ishing. 

North America has seven principal polit¬ 


GEOGRAPHY. 


ical divisions; viz.: Greenland, Russian 
America, British America, the United States, 
Mexico, Balize, and Central America. 

Its principal islands are Greenland, Ice¬ 
land, Newfoundland, and the West Indies. 


Questions. What is said of the extent of North 
America? The rivers and lakes? The surface? Cli¬ 
mate ? Soil ? Productions ? What minerals are 
found ? What can you say of its animals ? How is 
North America divided? Which arc its principal 
islands ? 


1. GREENLAND. 

I Square miles, 380,000. Population, 9,400. 

I Greenland, a large island north-east of the 
continent, is a cold, elevated region covered 
with ice and snow most of the year. It pro- 
i duces licliens, mosses, currants, and a few 


DESCRIPTIVE 




























30 NORTH AMERICA. 


flowering shrubs. Stinted bireh, willow and 
ash trees are found in small numbers. 



SKAL CATCHING. 


The wild animals are the reindeer, polar 
fox and white boar. The only domestic 
animal is the dog. Sea-fowls, fish, seals, and 
walrus, abound, and furnish the natives with 
most of their food and clothing. 

Esquimaux Indians inhabit it, with a few 
Danes. It belongs to Denmark. 

Questions. Describe Greenland. What are its 
productions? Animals? Who inhabit it? To 
whom does it belong ? 


2. RUSSIAN AMERICA. 

Square miles, 394,000. Population, 61,000. 
Russian America occupies the north-west 
portion of North America. 

! It is mountainous, dreary, and but par- 
^ tially explored. 

Its climate is cold, and soil, sterile. 

! The productions are lichens, moss and 
a few shrubs. 

j The animals are similar to those of Green- 
' land. 

j The inhabitants consist of Esquimaux, 


and a few Russian traders, who reside there 
for the purpose of collecting furs. 

Sitka, its capital, is on a small island near 
the coast. It is defended by a fort. It con¬ 
tains a foundry and steam engine factory. 
Several small steam yachts have been built 
here. There are a number of public schools 
for the natives and European children. 

Questions. What is the situation of Russian 
America? What is said of its surface ? Climate and 
.soil? Productions? Animals? Who are the in¬ 
habitants? Describe Sitka. 


3. BRITISH AMERICA. 

Square miles, 3,000,000. Population, 2,690,000. 

British America is a vast territory em¬ 
bracing all the region north of the United 
States, excepting Russian America and 
Greenland. 

It includes Hudson’s Bay Territory, La¬ 
brador, and the provinces of Canada, New 
Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland. 

Questions. Describe British America. What 
does it include ? 

4. HUDSON’S BAY TERRITORY. 

Square miles, 2,190,000. Population, 180,000. 

The Hudson’s Bay Territory comprises 
the northern and western portions of British 
America, extending from the Arctic Ocean 
to the United States, and from Labrador to 
the Pacific. 

With the exception of the region traversed 
by the Rocky Mountains, this territory is 
generally level, and contains a great num¬ 
ber of lakes and rivers communicating with 
each other. 

The climate in the northern part is almost 
perpetual winter. In the southern part. 
















NORTH AMERICA. 81 


the winters are very long and cold, and the 
summers, short and very warm. 

Owing to the severity of the climate, there 
are few agricultural productions. The prin¬ 
cipal animals hunted for food, are deers, 
buffaloes, rabbits and porcupines. Wild 
fowl are also numerous. 



FUR TRADERS. 


The principal articles of traffic are the 
skins of fur-clad animals, of which there 
is a great variety. 

Questions. What does Hudson’s Bay Territory 
comprise ? What is said of its surface ? Its lakes 


and rivers ? Climate ? Productions ? Animals ? 
Articles of traffic ?. 


6. LABRADOR. * 

Square miles, 450,000. Population, 6,000. 

Labrador is an extensive peninsula, lying 
between Hudsou’s Bay and the Atlantic, 
and extending from Hudson’s Strait to the 
Strait of Belle Isle. 

The coast is mostly bleak, rugged and 
desolate. The climate is too cold for most 
grains, but potatoes and some other vege¬ 
tables are raised. 

The inhabitants, consisting chiefly of Es¬ 
quimaux, subsist principally by hunting and 
fishing. The fisheries on the coast are 
valuable and give employment to a large 
number of vessels from other provinces and 
the United States. 

Many valuable furs are exported. 

Questions. Describe Labrador. Its coast. Cli- 
ipate. Productions. What is said of its inhabitants V 
Fisheries ? Exports ? 

For a description of the other British Provinces see 
Geography of map No. 3. 

For description of 4, 6, 6 and 1 see Geography of map 
No. 4. 


GENERAL QUESTIONS 

Name the political divisions of North America. 
Where is British America ? Hudson’s Bay Territor}^ ? 
Russian America ? Greenland ? Balize ? Mexico ? 
Which is the largest division ? The most populous ? 
On what oceans does North America border ? What 
range of mountains in the western part ? In the 
eastern part ? In which divisions are volcanoes 
found ? Name the volcanoes ? 

What lakes are there in North America ? Which is 
the largest ? What bays indent the eastern coast 
of North America? The western? What large 
gulf south of North America ? What large bay in 


ON NORTH AMERICA. 

the northern part? Where is Chesapeake bay? 
What large island north-east of North America? 
What islands east ? South ? North ? Where are 
the Bahama islands ? Aleutian islands ? Newfound¬ 
land ? Where is Cape Farewell ? Cape Sable ? Cape 
St. Lucas? Cape Corrientes? 

How does North America rank among other divi¬ 
sions in size ? Which division is the most mountain¬ 
ous ? The most level ? Who inhabit Russian 
America ? What is its capital ? 

* See Map No. 3. 



















































































































































































BRITISH PROVINCES. 


SQUARE MILES, 3,080,000. POPULATION, 2,000,000. 


KEY TO MAP NO. 3. 


COUNTRIES, CAPITALS AND CHIEF TOWNS. 

1 Hudson’s Bay Territory. 

2 Labrador. 

3 Upper Canada, l Toronto, 2 Collingwood, 3 *0t- 

TAWA, 4 Brockville, 5 Kingston, 6 
Coburg, *7 Niagara, 8 Hamilton, 9 
Brantford, 10 London. 

4 Lower Canada, l Montreal, 2 Three Rivers, 8 

Quebec, 4 Sherbrooke, 6 St. John, 
6 St. Hyacinthe. •* 

5 New Brunswick, l Fredericton, 2 Bathurst, 3 

Liverpool, 4 Dorchester, 5 St. 
John’s, 6 St. Andrew’s. 

0 Nova Scotia, l Halifax, 2 Picton, 3 Sydney, 4 
Lunenburg, 6 Shelburne, 6 Yar¬ 
mouth, 

7 Newfoundland, l St. John’s. 


OCEANS, BAYS, &c. 

1 Atlantic Ocean, 

2 Hudson’s Bay, 

3 James’s Bat, 

4 Gulp of St. Lawrence, 

6 White’s Bat, 

6 Notre Dame Bat, 

7 Bonavista Bat, 

8 Placentia Bay, 

9 St. George’s Bat, 

10 Halifax Harbor, 

11 Bat of Fdndt, 

12 Bat of Chaleur. 


CHANNELS AND STRAITS. 

13 Canadian Channel, 

14 Bellisle Strait, 

* Ottawa is the capital of the whole of Canada. 


16 Gut op Canso, 

16 Northumberland Strait, 

17 St. Mary’s Strait, 


ISLANDS. 

18 Manitoulin Isles, 

19 Orleans, 

20 Anticosti, 

21 Magdalen Islands, 

22 Cape Breton, 

23 Prince Edward’s, 


CAPES. 

24 Des Montes, 

2.6 Whittle, 

26 Bauld, 

27 Race, 

28 St. Mart, 

29 Rat, 

80 North, 

31 Canso, 

82 Sable. 


LAKES. 

33 Caniapuscaw, 

34 Nitchegdon, 

35 Mistissinny, 

36 Abbitibbee, 

37 Huron, 

38 Georgian Bat, 

39 SlMCOE, 

40 Nipissino, 

41 St. Clair, 

42 Erie, 

43 Ontario, 

44 Grand, 

46 St. John. 

















34 


BRITISH PROVINCES. 


RIVERS. 

46 Albany, 

47 Moose, 

48 Abbitibbee, 

49 Harricanaw, 

60 Rupert, 

61 East Main, 

52 Great Whale, 

63 Koksak, 

64 St. Lawrence, 

65 Saguenay, 


56 St. Maurice, 

67 Ottawa, 

68 Gatineau, 

59 Madawaska, 

60 Niagara, 

61 SOREL, 

62 St. Francis, 

63 Miramiciii, 

64 St. John, 

65 St. Croix. 


QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF THE URITISH PROVINCES. 


Bound British America.* In what part is Hud¬ 
son’s Bay Territory? Labrador? Bound Upper 
Canada. Lower Canada. New Brunswick. Nova 
Scotia. Newfoundland. 


OCEANS, SEAS AND BAYS. 

What ocean east of the British Provinces? 1. 
What large bay in the northern part ? 2. What is 
its southern extremity called ? 3. What large gulf 
between New Brunswick and Newfoundland? 4. 
What bays around Newfoundland ? 6-9. What harbor 
south of Nova Scotia? 10. What bay west of Nova 
Scotia? 11. What bay north of New Brunswick ? 12. 


STRAITS AND CHANNELS. 

What channel between Canada and Anticosti ? 13. 
What strait between Labrador and Newfoundland ? 
14. What strait between Nova Scotia and Cape 
Breton ? 15. What strait between Nova Scotia and 
Prince Edward’s ? 16. What strait connects Lakes 
Superior and Huron? 17. 


ISLANDS AND CAPES. 

What island in the northern part of Lake Huron ? 

18. What island in the St. Lawrence near Quebec? 

19. What island at the mouth of the St. Lawrence? 

* See map No. 2. 


20. What island east of New Brunswick ? 23. What 
islands north-east of Pr. Edward’s ? 21. What island 
north-east of Nova Scotia ? 22. What cape south of 
Labrador ? 25. What cape at the northern extremity 
of Newfoundland ? 26. At the southern extremity ? 
27. At the south-western extremity ? 29. North of 
Cape Breton ? 30. At the eastern extremity of Nova 
Scotia ? 31. At the southern extremity ? 32. 


LAKES. 

What lake in Labrador ? 33. What two lakes east 
of James’s Bay ? 34, 35. What lake is the source 
of the Abbitibbee? 36. What lakes between Canada 
and the United States ? 37, 41-43. What bay con¬ 
nects with Lake Huron ? 38. What lakes wholly in 
Canada? 39, 40, 44, 45. 


RIVERS. 

What rivers flow into James’s Bay ? 46-51. What 
river in the northern part of Labrador ? 63. What 
river is the outlet of the great lakes? 54. What 
branches has it on the north ? 55-67. Which is the 
boundary river between Upper and Lower Canada ? 
67. What river connects lakes Erie and Ontario ? 60. 
Which way does it run? What falls has it? Ni¬ 
agara Falls. What rivers flow into the St. Lawrence 
from the south ? 61, 62. What rivers in New Bruns¬ 
wick ? 63, 64. What river is the boundary between 
New Brunswick and the United States? 66. 




















BRITI&H PROVINCES. 


35 



PARLIAMENT BCILDINRS AT OTTAWA. 


DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 


The Province of Canada embraces a sec¬ 
tion of British America, lying south of the 
Hudson’s Bay Territory and Labrador, ex¬ 
tending about 1,400 miles from east to west, 
and varying in width from 200 to 400 miles. 

It was formerly divided into two pro¬ 
vinces, Upper Canada, lying on the great 
lakes and west of the Ottawa river, and 
Lower Canada, occupying the valley of the 
St. Lawrence from the mouth of the Ottawa 
river to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 

The government of Canada is similar to 
that of Great Britain and Ireland. It con¬ 
sists of a Governor-General appointed by 
the Crown as its representative, aided by 
the Executive Council, and a Provincial 
Parliament. 

The prevailing religion of Lower Canada 
is Roman Catholic, that of Upper Canada, 
Protestant. There are churches of various 
denominations in both. 

Canada was first settled by the French in 
1541. It was acquired by the English in 


1760, and has since remained a part of the 
British Empire. 

Questions. Give the situation and extent of Can¬ 
ada. "What is said of its divisions? Government? 
Religion ? History ? 


3. UPPER CANADA OR CANADA WEST. 

Square miles, 148,000. Population, 952,000. 

Upper Canada has generally a level or 
slightly undulating surface, with the excep¬ 
tion of a table ridge which forms the water 
shed between Lakes Superior and Huron, 
and Hudson’s Bay. 

The soil is fertile, especially on the rich 
alluvial flats of the river courses. 

The climate is affected to some extent by 
the large lakes. It is healthy, and highly 
favorable to the growth of grain and the 
production of the finest fruits. Wheat is 
the staple product. Peas, rye, barley, oats, 
buckwheat, Indian corn, potatoes, hemp, 
and flax, are raised extensively. In the 



























36 BRITISH PROVINCES. 


southern part, peaches and apples are pro¬ 
duced in great abundance. 

Extensive forests of white and red pine, 
and other forest trees, furnish large quanti¬ 
ties of timber for exportation. 

Iron of the best quality is found in great 
abundance. Copper abounds on Lakes Su¬ 
perior and Huron. Silver has been dis¬ 
covered in small quantities, and lead and 
tin occur in several places. 

Whitefish, lake trout and sturgeon of 
great size abound in the large lakes, and are 
taken for home consumption and export. 

The educational system of Upper Canada 
is very complete. 

Ottawa is the capital of the whole of 
Canada. It contains fine public buildings. 

Toronto is situated on a circular bay on 
the north-west shore of Lake Ontario. The 
streets generally cross each other at right 
angles. The buildings are mostly of light 
colored brick, giving the town a pleasant 
appearance. 

The Normal School and Education Office 
for Upper Canada are located here. These 
buildings are the most extensive of their 
kind in North America. 

Hamilton is situated on Burlington Bay 
at the western extremity of Lake Ontario. 
It contains many fine buildings. It has 
manufactures of various kinds, and pos¬ 
sesses superior commercial advantages. 

Questions. What is said of the surface of Upper 
Canada? Soil? Climate? Productions? Forests? 
What are its minerals ? What abound in the lakes ? 
What is said of its educational system? Describe 
Ottawa, Toronto. Hamilton. 


4. LOWER CANADA, OR CANADA EAST, 
Square miles, 210,000, Population, 890,000. 
Lower Canada has a broken and irregu¬ 


lar surface, and in the eastern part is moun¬ 
tainous, presenting varied and picturesque 
scenery. The country is well-watered, and 
though not as fertile as Upper Canada, has 
a good soil, and some portions of it are 
highly cultivated. The winters are cold 
and severe, but during the summers, vege¬ 
tation is very rapid. 

The productions arc wheat, corn, rye, oats, 
peas, flax, and hemp. From the forests, tim¬ 
ber of various kinds and maple-sugar are 
obtained, both for consumption and export. 

Iron, copper and gold are the most impor¬ 
tant minerals. 

The majority of the inhabitants are of 
French origin, and still speak the French 
language. 



FALLS OF MONTMORENCI. 


Montreal^ on an island of the same name 
in the St. Lawrence river, is favorably situ¬ 
ated for intercourse with both provinces and 
with the United States. The buildings are 
principally of a grayish limestone. Some 
of the public edifices are magnificent struc¬ 
tures. Its quays, also built of cut limestone, 
are unsurpassed in America. The Victoria 
bridge across the St. Lawrence consists of 
























BRITISH P 


a wrought iron box twenty feet deep, six¬ 
teen feet wide, and seven thousand feet 
long, supported by towers of stone, and is 
used for the trains of the Grand Trunk 
Railway. 

Quebec, the most ancient and important 
port in Canada, is situated on the left bank 
of the river St. Lawrence, about one hund¬ 
red and eighty miles north-east from Mont¬ 
real. It has a picturesque situation, and is 
divided into the upper and lower towns; 
the former on the highest part of the pro¬ 
montory of Cape Diamond, the latter at its 
base. 

It is engaged extensively in trade, par¬ 
ticularly in the exportation of lumber. The 
Falls of Montmorenci are about seven miles 
from the city. 

Questions. What is said of the surface of Lower 
Canada ? Soil ? Climate ? Productions ? Minerals ? 
Inhabitants ? Describe Montreal. Quebec. 


5. NEW BRUNSWICK. 

Square miles, 27,700. Population, 194,000. 

The Province of New Brunswick is situ¬ 
ated between Maine and the Gulf of St. 
Lawrence. 

The surface is varied; mountain ridges, 
and sheltered valleys and plains, alternating 
with each other. 

The soil is fertile; the climate is subject 
to great extremes of heat and cold. 

A great part of the province is covered 
with dense forests which furnish large quan¬ 
tities of timber. Oats, rye, barley, and the 
fruits of northern New England, are the 
chief products. 

The coal fields are said to extend over 
10,000 square miles. Iron and copper are 
abundant, and large deposits of manganese 
and plumbago have been discovered. 


RO VINCES. 87 


The rivers, lakes and sea-coasts, abound 
with fish which are taken in great quanti¬ 
ties. 

Almost the whole province can be reached 
by its streams. Several railways are com¬ 
pleted, or in progress. The great extent of 
sea-coast, with its numerous bays, furnishes 
excellent facilities for commerce. 

The affairs of the province are adminis¬ 
tered by a Lieutenant Governor, aided by an 
Executive Council, a Legislative Council, and 
a House of Assembly chosen by the people. 

Fredericton, the capital, is situated on 
the right bank of the river St. John. It is 
regularly laid out, and a place of consider¬ 
able trade. 

St. John's is situated on a rocky peninsula 
at the mouth of the St. John’s river. It 
stands on a declivity, and presents an im¬ 
posing appearance to persons approaching 
from the sea. Its harbor is safe and capa¬ 
cious and nevea* obstructed by ice. 

Questions. How is New Brunswick situated? 
Whai is said of its surface ? Soil V Climate ? For¬ 
ests ? Productions ? Coal fields ? Minerals ? With 
what do its rivers and lakes abound ? What are its 
facilities for commerce ? Government ? Describe 
Fredericton. St John’s. 


6. NOVA SCOTIA. 

Square miles, 19,000.* Population, 276,000.* 
Nova Scotia is a large peninsula lying 
south-east of New Brunswick, with which it 
is connected by an isthmus fifteen miles 
wide. It contains no mountains of great 
magnitude. A broad belt of high and 
broken land extends along the Atlantic 
shores. 

The surface is undulating throughout and 
highly picturesque. The numerous rivers 

* Including Cape Breton. 











38 BRITISH PROVINCES. 



too ANO JIACKERKL FISHERIES. 


and lakes form an interesting feature in the 
province. 

The soil varies greatly in productiveness. 
The climate is remarkably temperate, con¬ 
sidering its high northern latitude. Dense 
fogs are prevalent on the Atlantic coast. 

The principal productions are wheat, bar¬ 
ley, rye, oats, buckwheat, and potatoes. 

Large quantities of apples are raised in 
the western counties. 

Coal, iron and copper, are abundant. Sil¬ 
ver and lead are found to some extent. 
Large quantities of gypsum are exported. 

Its fisheries give employment to a great 
number of men and boats. 

It has over 1,200 miles of sea-coast, pene¬ 
trated by the finest bays in the world, which 
arc open to navigation throughout the year, 
giving it superior commercial advantages. 

The eastern arm of the hay of Fundy, 
called Mines Bay, is remarkable for the 
height of its tides which sometimes rise 
sixty or seventy feet. 

The inhabitants consist principally of de¬ 
scendants of the English, Scotch and Irish, 
who now form but one race living in perfect 
harmony. 

It is subject to Great Britain, the govern¬ 


ment being simi¬ 
lar to that of New 
Brunswick. 

Nova Scotia 
was first discov¬ 
ered by the Ca¬ 
bots in 1497. 

Halifax is a 
seaport, situated 
on Halifax Har¬ 
bor. Its streets 
arc spacious and 
cross each other 
at right angles. It has extensive steam 
communication with the United States and 
West Indies, and is the port at which the 
Cunard mail steamers touch on their voy¬ 
ages to and from Europe. It is also the 
terminus of the railroad designed to connect 
Quebec with the Atlantic. 

Questions. How is Nova Scotia situated ? What 
is said of its mountains ? What is its surfiice ? Soil ? 
Climate ? What are its productions ? Minerals ? 
What is said of its fisheries ? Describe its sea-coast. 
Mines Bay. Its inhabitants. Government. When 
and by whom Was Nova Scotia discovered ? Describe 
Halifax. 


CAPE BRETON. 

Cape Breton has long been celebrated for 
its fisheries; the principal are cod and mack¬ 
erel. Large quantities of excellent ship 
timber are exported. 

It is a colony under Nova Scotia, and 
sends two members to its House of Assem¬ 
bly. 

Sydneyy in the eastern part of the island, 
is situated near the famous Sydney coal 
mines. It has an excellent harbor. 

Lunenburg is a place of considerable 
trade. 

















BRITISH PROVINCES. 


39 


Questions. For what is Cape Breton celebrated ? 
With what province is it united in government? 
Describe Sydney. Lunenburg. 

Note. The extent and population of Cape Breton are 
included in those of Nova Scotia. 


7. NEWFOUNDLAND. 

Square miles, 36,000. Population, 102,000. 

Newfoundland is a large island in the 
mouth of the gulf of St. Lawrence, and 
nearer to Great Britain than any other part 
of America. 

It is very irregular in form, its coast being 
indented with numerous hays and harbors. 

The interior of the country lias an uneven 
and rocky surface with numerous rivers and 
lakes. 

The climate is severe but healthful. In 
May and the beginning of June, dense fogs 
prevail on the “Banks” and neighboring 
shores. Much of the soil is unfit for culti¬ 
vation, though some parts of the island arc 
fertile, producing grain, grapes, and pota¬ 
toes. The principal forest trees are spruce, 
birch, larch, willow, and mountain-ash. 

The minerals are coal, gypsum, lead, cop¬ 
per, and iron. 

The Grand Bank of Newfoundland forms 
the most extensive submarine elevation on 


GENERAL QUESTIONS ON 

Which province extends farthest east? South? 
Wliat division lies on both sides of the St. Law¬ 
rence ? 

Where is lake Abbitibbee ? Lake Nipissing ? Lake 
St. John ? Saguenay River ? Ottawa River ? St. 
Francis ? St. Croix ? Describe the St. Lawrence. 
Placentia Bay. Bay of Fundy. Bellisle Strait. 
Manitoulin Isles. Anticosti. 

What is the latitude of Montreal ? AVhat other 
cities in and about the same latitude ? AVhat is the 
longitude of Cape Race ? 


the globe, and swarms Avith cod and other 
varieties of fish. The greater part of the 
population arc engaged in the fisheries. 

The gOA^ernment is similar to that of the 
other British North American colonies. 

All religious sects are tolerated. Consid¬ 
erable attention has been given to educa¬ 
tion, and various grades of schools have 
been established. 

A submarine telegraph, eighty-five miles 
in length, is laid across the Gulf of St. Law¬ 
rence, connecting Newfoundland with Nova 
Scotia, and by continuous lines, Avith the 
different parts of the United States. 

St. John’s, the capital, is the most eastern 
seaport in North America, and only 1065 
miles from Galway in Ireland. It has a fine 
harbor enclosed by tAvo mountains, and de¬ 
fended by numerous batteries and fortifica¬ 
tions. The town, consisting principally of 
one street, has many good buildings, and is 
improving in regularity and appearance. 

Questions. AA'hat is Newfoundland? How is it 
situated ? AVhat is its form ? Surface ? Climate ? 
Soil ? AA^hat are its productions ? Forest trees ? 
Minerals ? AA’^hat is said of the Grand Bank ? Occu¬ 
pation of the inhabitants ? Government ? Religion ? 
Education ? Submarine Telegraph ? Describe St. 
John’s. 

THE BRITISH PROVINCES. 

AVhat are the vegetable productions of Upper Can¬ 
ada ? In what provinces is iron found ? Copper ? 
Coal ? AVhat other minerals are found ? AVhat are 
obtained from the forests ? From the lakes ? 

By whom was Canada first settled? To what 
country does it belong ? AVhat language is spoken 
in Lower Canada ? How is Montreal situated ? De¬ 
scribe Quebec. St. John’s. Halifax. Toronto. 

How would you sail from Montreal to Halifax ? 
AVith what countries has Halifax communication by 
steam ships ? 























































































































































































































































































UNITED STATES AND MEXICO. 

SQUARE MILES, 3,800,000. 

POPULATION, 34,600,000. 

KEY TO MAE NO. 4.. 

STATES, CAPITALS AND CHIEF TOWNS. 

14 North Carolina, l Raleigh, 2 Edenton, 3 New- 

1 Maine, l Augusta, 2 Bangor, 3 Eastport, 4 

beru, 4 Beaufort, 6 Wilmington, 6 

Bath, 5 Portland. 

Fayetteville. 

2 New Hampshire, 1 Concord, 2 Portsmouth, 3 

15 South Carolina, 1 Columbia, 2 Abbeville, 3 

Manchester, 4 Nashua. 

Camden, 4 Georgetown, 6 Charles¬ 
ton. 

3 Vermont, l Montpelier, 2 Burlington, 3 Brat- 


tleboro. 

16 Georgia, l Milledgeville, 2 Atlanta, 3 Augusta, 

4 Savannah, 6 Darien, 6 Columbus, 

4 Massachusetts, 1 Boston, 2 Lowell, 3 New Bed- 

7 Macon. 

ford, 4 Worcester, 5 Springfield. 

5 Rhode Island, 1 Providence, 2 Newport. 

17 Florida, l Tallahassee, 2 Pensacola, 3 Appala- 

chicola, 4 St. Augustine, 6 Key 

0 Connecticut, l Hartford, 2 New Haven, 3 New 

West. 

London. 



18 Alabama, l Montgomery, 2 Huntsville, 3 

7 New York, 1 Albany, 2 New York, 3 Brooklyn, 4 

Wetumpka, 4 Tuscaloosa, 5 

Buffalo, 5 Rochester, 6 Syracuse, 

Mobile. 

7 Utica, 8 Oswego, 9 Ogdensburg, 


10 Plattsburg, 11 Whitehall, 12 

19 Mississippi, 1 Jackson, 2 Columbus, 3 Natchez, 4 

Troy, 13 Elmira, 14 Dunkirk. 

Vicksburg. 

8 New Jersey, l Trenton, 2 Paterson, 3 Newark. 

20 Louisiana, l Baton Rouge, 2 New Orleans, 3 

9 Pennsylvania, 1 Harrisburg, 2 Philadelphia, 3 

Natchitoches, 4 Shreveport. 

Erie, 4 Wilkesbarre, 5 Pottsville, 

21 Texas, 1 Austin, 2 Houston, 3 Galveston, 4 

6 Reading, 7 Lancaster, 8 Carlisle, 

9 Lewistown, 10 Somerset, 11 

Matagorda, 5 Goliad, 6 Corpus 

Pittsburg. 

Christi, 7 Rio Grande City. 

lO Delaware, 1 Dover, 2 Wilmington. 

22 Arkansas, l Little Rock, 2 Helena, 3 Columbia, 

4 Van Buren, 6 Batesville. 

11 Maryland, l Annapolis, 2 Baltimore, 3 Easton, 4 


Cumberland. 

23 Missouri, l Jefferson City, 2 Independence, 3 
Lexington, 4 St. Charles, 5 St. 

12 District of Columbia, l Washington. 

Louis, 6 Potosi. 

13 Virginia, 1 Richmond, 2 Wheeling, 3 Harper’s 

24 Tennessee, l Nashville, 2 Knoxville, 3 Murfrecs- 

Ferry, 4 Fredericksburg, 5 Peters- 

boro’, 4 Columbia, 5 Memphis, 6 

burg, 6 Norfolk, 7 Lynchburg. 

Jackson. 












UNITED STATES. 


43 


25 IContucky, 1 Frankfort, 2 Louisville, 3 Maysville, 

4 Georgetown, 6 Lexington, 6 
Bowling Green, 7 Paducah. 

26 Ohio, 1 CoLCMBcs, 2 Toledo, 3 Sandusky, 4 

Cleveland, 5 Steubenville, 6 Zanes¬ 
ville, 7 Lancaster, 8 Portsmouth, 
9 Chillicothe, 10 Cincinnati, 11 
Dayton. 


40 Washington, 1 Olympia, 2 Pacific City, 3 Ft. 

Vancouver. 

41 Dakota, l Yankton. 

42 Colorado, l Denver City. 

43 Nevada, l Carson City. 


27 Indiana, l Indianapolis, 2 Michigan City, 3 

South Bend, 4 Madison, 5 New 
Albany, 6 Evansville, 7 Vincennes, 
8 Terre Haute, 9 Lafayette. 

28 Illinois, 1 Springfield, 2 Galena, 3 Chicago, 4 

Cairo, 6 Alton, 6 Quincy, 7 Peoria, 

8 Kock Island. 

29 Michigan, 1 Lansing, 2 Saut St. Marie, 3 Detroit, 

4 Ann Arbor, 5 Monroe, 6 Adrian, 
7 Jackson, 8 Kalamazoo, 9 Grand 
Haven. 

30 Wisconsin, 1 Madison, 2 Green Bay, 3 Fond du 

Lac, 4 Milwaukee, 6 Racine, 6 
Janesville, 7 Prairie du Chien, 8 
La Crosse. 

31 Iowa, 1 Des Moines, 2 Dubuque, 3 Daven¬ 

port, 4 Muscatine, 5 Burlington, 6 
Council Bluflf, 7 Iowa City. 

32 California, l Sacramento, 2 Placer City, 3 Marys¬ 

ville, 4 Benicia, 6 Stockton, 6 So¬ 
nora, 7 San Jose, 8 San Francisco, 

9 Monterey, 10 San Diego. 

33 Minnesota, 1 St. Paul, 2 St. Anthony. 

34 Nebraska, 1 Omaha City. 

35 Kansas, 1 Leavenworth, 2 Wabounse, 3 To¬ 

peka, 4 Lecompton, 6 Lawrence. 

38 Indian, l Tahlequah. 


OCEANS, GULFS AND BAYS. 

1 Atlantic Ocean, 

2 Pacific Ocean, 

3 Passamaqcoddy Bay, 

4 Penobscot Bay, 

6 Massachusetts Bay, 

6 Narragansett Bay, 

7 New York Bay, 

8 Delaware Bay, 

9 Chesapeake Bay, 

10 Chatham Bay, 

11 Charlotte Harbor, 

12 Tampa Bay, 

13 Appalachee Bay, 

14 Pensacola Bay, 

15 Mobile Bay, 

16 Galveston Bay, 

17 Matagorda Bay, 

18 Corpus Christi Bay, 

19 Gulf of Mexico, 

20 Gulf of California, 

21 San Diego Bay, 

22 Monterey Bay, 

23 San Francisco Bay, 

24 Humboldt Bay, 

25 Gulf of Georgia. 


37 New Mexico, l Santa Fe, 2 Taos, 3 Socorro. 

38 Utah, 1 Fillmore City, 2 Salt Lake City. 

39 Oregon, 1 Salem, 2 Astoria, 3 Portland, 4 Or¬ 

egon. 


SOUNDS AND STRAITS. 

26 Long Island Sound, 

27 Albemarle Sound, 

28 Pamlico Sound, 

29 Florida Strait, 

30 Strait of Juan de Fuca. 














44 


UNITED STATES. 


ISLANDS. 

31 Nantucket, 

32 Martha’s Vineyard, 

33 Long Island, 

34 Florida Keys, 

35 Tortdgas, 

86 Santa Barbara. 


CAPES. 

87 Ann, 

38 Cod, 

89 Malabar, 

40 May, 

41 Henlopen, 

42 Charles, 

43 Henry, 

44 Hatteras, 

45 Lookout, 

46 Fear, 

47 Canaveral, 

48 Florida, 

49 Sable, 

60 Roman, 

61 San Blas, 

62 Conception, 

63 Mendocino, 

64 Orford, 

65 Flattery. 


MOUNTAINS. 

66 Katahdin, 

57 White, 

68 Green, 

69 Catskill, 

60 Blue Ridge, 

61 Alleghany, 

62 Cumberland, 

63 Ozark, 

64 Black Hills, 

65 Rocky, 

66 Fremont’s, 

67 Long’s, 

68 Pike’s, 

69 Spanish, 

70 Sierra Nevada, 

7 1 Coast, 

72 Cascade, 


73 Mt. Hood, 

74 Mt. St. Helen’s, 

75 Mt. Ranier, 

*76 Great American Plains. 


LAKES. 

77 Red, 

*78 Lake of the Woods, 
*79 Rainy, 

80 Superior, 

81 Michigan, 

82 Green Bay, 

83 Huron, 

84 Georgian Bay, 

85 Saginaw Bay, 

86 St. Clair, 

87 Erie, 

88 Ontario, 

89 Champlain, 

90 Moosehead, 

91 Chesuncook, 

92 Okechobee, 

93 Pontchartrain, 

94 Tula, 

95 Pyramid, 

96 Klamath, 

97 Great Salt, 

98 Utah, 

99 Nicollet. 


RIVERS. 

100 St. Lawrence, 

101 St. John’s, 

102 St. Croix, 

103 Penobscot, 

104 Kennebec, 

105 Androscoggin, 

106 Saco, 

107 Merrimac, 

108 Connecticut, 

109 Hudson, 

110 Mohawk, 

111 Delaware, 

112 Susquehanna, 

113 Potomac, 

114 Rappahannock, 

116 James, 























UNITED 

STATES. 4o 

116 

Chowan, 

168 Nebraska, 

117 

Roanoke, 

169 North Fork, 

118 

Tar, or Pamlico, 

170 South Fork, 

119 

Necse, 

171 Kansas, 

120 

Cape Fear, 

172 Republican Fork, 

121 

Great Pedee, 

173 Smoky Hill, 

122 Santee, 

174 Osage, 

123 

Wateree, 

175 St. Francis, 

124 Savannah, 

176 White, 

125 

Altamaha, 

177 Arkansas, 

126 

Oconee, 

178 Canadian, 

127 

Ocmulgee, 

179 Red, 

128 St. Mary’s, 

180 Washita, 

129 

St. John’s, 

181 Sabine, 

130 SUWANEE, 

182 Neches, 

131 

Appalachicola, 

183 Trinity, 

132 

Flint, 

184 Brazos, 

133 

Chattahoochee, 

185 Colorado, 

134 Mobile, 

186 Nueces, 

135 

Alabama, 

187 Rio Grande, 

136 

Tombigbee, 

188 Pecos, 

137 

Pascagoula, 

189 Colorado, 

138 

Pearl, 

190 Gila, 

139 

Misslssippi, 

191 Grande, 

140 

Yazoo, 

192 Green, 

141 

Ohio, 

193 Rio Virgen, 

142 

Tennessee, 

194 San Joaquin, 

143 

Cumberland, 

195 Sacramento, 

144 

Green, 

196 Feather, 

145 

Kentucky, 

197 Klamath, 

146 

Big Sandy, 

198 Columbia, 

147 

Kanawha, 

199 Willamette, 

148 

Monongahela, 

200 Lewis, 

149 

Alleghany, 

201 Salmon, 

150 

Muskingum, 

202 Clarke’s, 

151 

Scioto, 

203 Bear, 

152 

Miami, 

204 Humboldt, 

153 

Wabash,- 

205 Nicollet, 

154 

White, 

206 St. Joseph’s, 

155 

Kaskaskia, 

207 Grand, 

156 

Illinois, 

208 St. Clair, 

157 

Rock, 

209 Detroit, 

158 

Wisconsin, 

210 Maumee, 

159 

Minnesota, 

211 Niagara. 

160 

Iowa, 


161 

Des Moines, 

1 

162 

Missouri, 

i 2 MEXICO. 

163 

Jefferson, 

164 

Madison, 

1 Lower California, 2 Loreto, 3 La Paz. 

165 

Gallatin, 

2 Sonora, 4 Arispe. 

166 

Yellowstone, 


167 

Big Horn, 

3 

3 Chihuahua, 6 Chihuahua. 

















4G 


UNITED STATES. 


4 Cinaloa, 

6 CuLiACAN, 7 Mazatlan. 

5 Durango, 

8 Durango. 

0 Cohahuila, 

9 Saltillo. 

7 New Leon, 

10 Monteret. 

8 Tamaulipas, 

12 Victoria, 11 Mataraoras. 

9 San Luis Fotosi, 

13 San Luis Potosi. 

10 Zacatecas, 

14 Zacatecas. 

11 Jalisco, 

16 Guadalajara. 

12 Guanajuato, 

16 Guanajuato. 

13 Queretaro, 

17 Queretaro. 

14 Vera Cruz, 

19 Vera Cruz, 18 Jalapa. 

15 Mexico, 

1 Mexico. 

16 Michoacan, 

20 Valladolid. 

17 Colima, 

21 Colima. 

18 Guerrero, 

22 Acapulco. 

19 Puebla, 

23 Puebla. 

20 Oajaca, 

24 Oajaca. 

21 Tehuantepec, 

25 Tehuantepec. 

22 Tabasco, 

26 Tabasco. 

23 Chiapas, 

27 CiNDAD Real. 

24 Yucatan, 

28 Merida, 29 Campeachy, 30 
Valladolid. 

3 Balize, 

1 Balize. 


BAYS. 

212 Campeacht, 

213 Honduras, 

214 Tehuantepec, 


ISLANDS. 

215 Bahama, 1 Nassau. 

216 Cuba, 1 Havana, 2 Matanzas, 3 Puerto 

Principe, 4 Santiago. 

217 Isle of Pines. 

218 Hath, 1 Port au Prince. 


219 Jamaica, 1 Spanish Town, 2 Kingston. 

220 Cozumel, 

221 Revillagigedo, 

222 The Three Marias, 

223 Espiritu Santo, 

224 Carmen, 

225 Tiburn, 

226 Angelos, 

227 Margarita, 

228 Cerros. 


PENINSULAS. 

229 Yucatan, 

230 California. 


CAPES. 

231 Roxo, 

232 Desconocida, 

233 Catoche, 

234 San Antonio, 

235 CORRIENTES, 

236 Palma, 

237 San Lucas, 

238 San Lazaro, 

239 Mokro Hermoso. 


MOUNTAINS. 

240 Sierra Madre, 

241 POPOCATAPETL, 


LAKES. 

242 Chapala, 

243 Terminos. 


RIVERS. 

244 Santander, 

245 Tula, 

246 Usumasinta, 

247 Balsas, 

248 Grande, 

249 Yaqui. 





















UNITED STATES. 47 


QUESTIONS ON THE MAP 

What country bounds the United States on the 
north? What ocean on the east? What gulf and 
country on the south? What ocean on the west? 
What is the latitude of the United States ? What is 
its longitude ? 

How many states are there ? Name them. How 
many territories are there? Name them. Bound 
each state. Give the capital of each. What states 
border on the Atlantic? On the Gulf of Mexico? 
On the Pacific ? On the great lakes ? What states 
lie west of the Mississippi ? What states are sepa¬ 
rated by the Connecticut? Delaware? Potomac? 
Savannah ? Chattahoochee ? Sabine ? Ohio ? What 
states touch Lake Michigan ? 

What territories are bounded north by British 
America? What border on the Pacific? What 
territory is bounded by Mexico? What territory 
south of Oregon? West of Missouri? North of 
Texas ? 


GULFS AND BAYS. 

What bays on the coast of Maine ? 3, 4. What bay 
on the coast of Massachusetts? 6. South of Rhode 
Island? 6. What bays on the Atlantic coast south 
of Connecticut? 7-9. On the west coast of Florida? 
10-14. \Yhat bay south of Alabama? 16. What 
bays on the coast of Texas? 16-18. On the Pacific 
coast? 21-24. 


SOUNDS AND STRAITS. 

What sound south of Connecticut? 26. What 
two sounds east of North Carolina ? 27, 28. 

What strait south of Florida ? 29. North-west of 
Washington Territory ? 30. 


ISLANDS AND CAPES. 

What islands south of Massachusetts? 31, 32. 
What island south of Connecticut ? 33. What reefs 
south of Florida? 34. Which is the most important 
island of Florida reefs? Ans. Key West, What 
islands west of Florida reefs ? 35. 


OF THE UNITED STATES. 

What capes has New England? 37-39. What 
capes at the entrance to the Delaware bay ? 40, 41. 
At the entrance to the Chesapeake ? 42, 43. What 
five capes between Albemarle Sound and Florida 
reefs ? 44-48. Which is the most southern cape of 
Florida ? 49. What four capes on the Pacific coast 
of the United States ? 62-65. 


MOUNTAINS. 

What mountain in Maine ? 56. What mountains 
in New Hampshire? 57. In Vermont? 58. In New 
York ? 69. What three parallel ranges in the eastern 
part of the United States ? 60-62. What mountains 
in Missouri and Arkansas ? 63. What is the most 
extensive range of mountains in the United States ? 
65. Mention the principal peaks. 66-69. What 
ranges near the Pacific coast ? 71, 72. What range 
between the Coast Mountains and the Rocky Moun¬ 
tains ? 70. Mention the principal peaks of the Cas¬ 
cade Mountains. 73-75. 


LAKES. 

What lakes between British America^and the 
United States? 80, 83, 86-88. What lake between 
Michigan and Wisconsin? 81. What bay in the 
western part? 82. What lake between Vermont 
and New York? 89. What lakes in Maine? 90, 91. 
What lake in Florida? 92. In Louisiana? 93, In 
California? 94. What lakes in Utah? 95, 97-99. 
Which is the largest ? 97. 


RIVERS. 

What river is the outlet to the Great American 
Lakes? 100. Which are the seven principal rivers 
in the New England States? 102-108. Into what do 
they flow ? What river flows into New York Bay ? 
109. Into Delaware Bay ? 111. What four rivers dis¬ 
charge their waters into the Chesapeake? 112-115. 
What tvro rivers flow into Albemarle Sound ? 116,117. 
What two rivers flow into Pamlico Sound? 118, 119. 















48 


UNITED STATES. 


What are the principal rivers flowing into the Atlantic 
between Pamlico Sound and Cape Sable? 120-122, 
124, 125, 128, 129. What two rivers unite and form 
the Altamaha? 126, 127. 

Which is the largest river flowing into the Gulf of 
Mexico? 139. Which are the principal rivers flow¬ 
ing into the Gulf of Mexico east of the Mississippi ? 
130, 131, 134, 137, 138. AVhat large branches has 
the Apalachicola ? 132, 133. What two rivers form 
the Mobile? 135, 136. Which are the largest eastern 
branches of the Mississippi ? 140, 141, 155-158. 
What two rivers unite and form the Ohio ? 148, 149. 
What are the main branches of the Ohio ? 142-147, 
150-153. What are the principal western branches 
of the Mississippi? 159-162, 175-177, 179. Where 
does the Missouri rise ? What are its main branches ? 
163-166, 168, 171, 174. Which is the principal 
branch of the Arkansas ? 178. What river between the 


QUESTIONS ON MEXICO 

What country north of Mexico ? What body of 
water on the east ? What Ocean on the south and 
west ? What states of Mexico are bounded north by 
the United States? Which bordcj* on the Gulf of 
Mexico ? What state on the Caribbean Sea ? What 
states border on the Pacific Ocean ? What on the 
Gulf of California ? Which is the most south-eastern 
state? Which is the most north-western? Which 
states have no sea coast ? 

What parallel of latitude crosses the northern part 
of Mexico ? What is the latitude of the bay of Teh¬ 
uantepec? What is the latitude of Cuba? Hayti? 
Wliat states of Mexico are crossed by the Tropic of 
Cancer? In what zones is Mexico? In what zone 
is Cuba? Between what degrees of longitude is 
Mexico ? Cuba ? Hayti ? 


BAYS AND GULFS. 

What bay west of Yucatan? 212. What bay 
on the coast south of Balize? 213. What bay west 
of Mexico? 21. 

What gulf on the southern coast of Mexico? 
214. 


United States and Mexico? 187. Which are the 
principal rivers flowing into the Gulf of Mexico be 
tween the Rio Grande and the Mississippi? 181- 
186. 

What river from the United States flows into the 
Gulf of California? 189. What is its principal east¬ 
ern branch ? 190. Which are the principal rivers in 
California? 194, 195-197. What river in Oregon 
flows into the Pacific? 198. Which are the two 
largest branches of the Columbia ? 200, 202. What 
branch has Lewis River? 201. What rivers of 
Michigan flow into Lake Michigan ? 206, 207. What 
river connects Lake Superior with Lake Huron? 
Ans. St. Mary’s. What rivers between Lake Huron 
and Lake Erie? 208, 209. What river connects 
Lake Erie with Lake Ontario ? 211. What falls upon 
it ? Ans. Niagara Falls. 


AND THE WEST INDIES. 

ISLANDS, CAPES AND MOUNTAINS. 

Which is the largest of the West India Islands ? 
216. What group north-east of it? 215. What 
large island south-east? 218. What two islands 
south? 217, 219. What two clusters of islands west 
of Mexico? 221, 222. What islands in the Gulf of 
California ? 223-226. What islands west of Califor¬ 
nia ? 227, 228. 

What cape at the north-eastern extremity of Yuca¬ 
tan? 233. What cape west of Yucatan ? 232. West 
of Cuba? 234. West of Mexico? 235. At the 
southern point of California ? 237. What two capes 
on the western coast of California? 238, 239. 

What range of mountains in Mexico ? 240. What 
is the principal volcano? 241. 


LAKES AND RIVERS. 

What lake in the southern part of Yucatan ? 243. 
What lake near the center of Mexico ? 242. 

What river between Mexico and the United States ? 
187.. What rivers flow into the Gulf of Mexico? 
244-246. What into the Pacific ? 247, 248. What 
into the Gulf of California ? 249. 


















UNITED STATES. 


49 



THE CAEITOE AT W ASHINGTON. 


DESCRIPTIVE 

4. UNITED STATES. 

Square miles, 3,000,000. Population, 31,600,000. 

The United States comprise a large ter¬ 
ritory extending from the Atlantic to the 
Pacific Ocean, and occupying the central 
portion of Nortli America. 

It has a shore line of over 12,600 miles 
on the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and the 
Gulf of Mexico. 

It may be divided physically into the 
Northern Lake region, the Atlantic slope, 
the Gulf region, the Pacific slope, and the 
Mississippi valley. 

It is well watered by numerous large 
rivers and lakes. Two long ranges of moun¬ 
tains traverse it, between which stretches 
the great valley of the Mississippi river and 
its branches. 

It possesses a healthful climate, fertile 


G E 0 G R A P H Y. 

soil, unrivaled facilities for internal naviga¬ 
tion, and is one of the most productive 
countries in tlie world. 

The chief articles of cultivation are Indian 
corn, wlicat, potatoes, oats, rye, cotton, rice, 
tobacco, and a great variety of fruits. 

The most useful minerals abound, such 
as gold, iron, copper, lead, coal, and lime. 
There are also quarries of granite, marble, 
freestone, and slate. 

The manufactures are very extensive, 
embracing a great variety of useful articles. 
Its commerce extends to all parts of the 
globe, and is second only to that of Great 
Britain. 

No other nation has so many steam and 
canal boats traversing its waters, or so many 
miles of telegraph lines and railroad, either 
.finislied, or in course of construction. 











oO 


UxNITED STATES. 


I 


The inhabitants of the United States are 
chiefly of English descent. Some are of 
Dutch, Irish, and French extraction ; and 
about four millions are of the African race, 
residing mainly in the southern part. 

The people are distinguished for industry, 
enterprise and intelligence. Schools and 
colleges are very numerous, and there are 
few who may not enjoy the means of edu¬ 
cation. 

The prevailing religion is the Protestant, 
though all sects are tolerated by law. 

Tlie government of the United States is 
a Federal Republic. Each State is inde¬ 
pendent in its local affairs, and chooses its 
own officers, but the defence of the country, 
matters relating to foreign commerce and 
the general concerns of the nation, are 
committed by the constitution to the General 
Government. 

The laws are made by Congress, which is 
composed of a Senate and House of Repre¬ 
sentatives. The Senate consists of two mem¬ 
bers from each state, chosen for six years. 
The representatives are chosen by the peo¬ 
ple for two years. The President and Vice- 
President are elected for four years. 

In the organized territories, the people 
choose a legislature to make laAvs, but the 
governor is appointed by the President. 

The first settlement in the United States 
was made by the French, in Florida, in 
1565; the second, by the English, in Virginia, 
in 1607. 

The colonies were subject to Great Bri¬ 
tain till 1776, when the colonists declared 
themselves free and independent. 

The war of the revolution continued 
seven years, and closed in 1788, when Great 
Britain acknowledged the independence of 
the United States. 


The states are subdivided into four sec¬ 
tions, called the Eastern or New England, 
the Middle, the Southern, and the Western 
States. 


EASTERN STATES. 

1 Maine, 4 Massachusetts, 

2 New Hampshire, 5 Rhode Island, 

3 Vermont, 6 Connecticut. 

MIDDLE STATES. 

7 New York, 9 Pennsylvania, 

8 New Jersey, 10 Delaware. 


SOUTHERN STATES. 


11 Maryland, 

16 Georgia, 

12 District of Co¬ 

17 Florida, 

lumbia, 

18 Alabama,. 

13 Virginia, 

19 Mississippi, 

14 North Carolina, 

20 Louisiana, 

15 South Carolina, 

21 Texas. 

WESTERN 

STATES. 

22 Arkansas, 

29 Michigan, 

23 Missouri, 

30 Wisconsin, 

24 Tennessee, 

31 Iowa, 

25 Kentucky, 

32 California, 

26 Ohio, 

33 Minnesota, 

27 Indiana, 

35 Kansas, 

28 Illinois, 

39 Oregon. 

TERRITORIES. 

34 Nebraska, 

40 Washington 

36 Indian, 

41 Dakota, 

37 New Mexico, 

42 Colorado, 

38 Utah, 

43 Nevada. 



I Questions. What do the United States comprise? 
I Describe the divisions. Surface. Climate. Soil, &c. 

What are the chief vegetable productions ? Most useful 
j minerals ? What can you say of the manufactures and 
commerce? Steam and canal boats? Telegraph 
j lines and railroads? AVhat is said of the inhabi- 
I tants? For what are they distinguished? What 













UNITED STATES. 


51 


THE EASTERN STATES. 



is said of education ? What is the prevailing reli¬ 
gion ? IThat is the government ? By whom are the 
laws made? Who compose the senate? How are 
the representatives chosen ? For how long arc the 
president and vice-president elected ? How are the 
organized territories governed ? Where and when 
were the earliest settlements made ? When were the 
cclonies declared independent ? How long did the 
revolutionary w'ar continue ? Name the Eastern 
Stitcs. Middle. Southern. Western. The territories. 


EASTERN, OR NEW ENGLAND STATES. 

The Eastern or New England States 
include Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, 
MLSsacliusetts, Kliode Island, and Connec¬ 
ticut, and occupy the north-east portion of 
the United States. 

They were originally settled by the Puri¬ 
tans, at Plymouth, in 1G20. 

New England is agreeably diversified in 
surface, has a variable but healthful climate, 
and has long l)een distinguished for the in¬ 


telligence, industry and enterprise of its 
citizens. 

Questions. How are the Eastern or New England 
States situated ? By whom and when were they set¬ 
tled? What is said of the surface, climate, and 
people ? 

1. MAINE. 

Square miles, 31,700. Population, 028,000. 

Maine, the largest of the New England 
states, has in general a level or undulating 
surface, a productive soil, and cold climate. 

It abounds with beautiful forests, lakes, 
and rivers, and its coast is bordered -with 
numerous bays and islands. 

Agriculture and lumbering are the leading 
pursuits, but many of its inhabitants are 
engaged in manufactures, ship building and 
fishing. The principal products are grass, 
Indian corn, rye, oats, barley, potatoes, 
butter, cheese, maple sugar, and honey. 































62 


UNITED STATES. 


Large quantities of lumber, lime, hay, 
and fish, are exported. 

Augusta, the capital, is situated on tlie 
Kennebec river, fifty miles from its mouth. 

Portland is the largest city in the state. 
It is built on an elevated site, has a good ! 
harbor, and considerable commerce. East. \ 
port^ on the Passamaquoddy bay, is a place 
of some trade. Its harbor is remarkt^ble 
for high tides. Bangor is a very flourishing 
city upon the Penobscot river, and noted for 
its lumber. Bath, on tlie Kennebec, is well 
built and enjoys superior advantages for ' 
navigation, as the river here is seldom frozen j 
in winter. 

Questions. Describe the surface, soil and climate 
of Maine. With what does it abound ? Mention the 
chief pursuits of the people. Productions. The 
exports. What is said of Augusta ? Portland ? 
Eastport ? Bangor ? Bath ? 


2. NEW IIAMPSIITRE. 

Square miles, 9,280. Population, 326,000. 

New Hampshire has a hilly, and in some 
portions, a mountainous surface. 

The climate is very healthful, and the 
soil varied, but generally better adapted to 
grazing than to cultivation. 

It has only eighteen miles of sea coast, 
and but little commerce. Agriculture and 
manufactures are the principal employments 
of the people. 

The staple productions arc wheat, rye, 
oats, Indian corn, barley, butter, cheese, 
and maple sugar. 

Concord, the capital of the state, is a 
flourishing town, located on the Merrimac 
river about sixty miles from Boston. 

Portsmovth is situated on both sides of 
the Piscataqua river, three miles from the i 



THE FLU.ME, WHITE MOUNTAINS. 


Atlantic coast, and is the only seaport in 
the state. It has a fine harbor, a large 
navy yard, and some commerce. Manches¬ 
ter, on the Merrimac river, is the inosi 
important city in the state, and is noted for 
its manufactures. Nashua is an importaut 
manufacturing town. 

Questions. What can you say of the surface of 
New Hampshire? Its climate and soil ? Seacoatt? 
Employments of the people? Productions? Wlat 
is said of Concord? Portsmouth? Manchesbr? 
Nashua ? 


8. VERMONT. 

Square mile.s, 10,212. Population, 315,000. 

Vermont takes its name from the Green 
Mountains, which render its surface broken 
and liilly. 

The climate is cold and changeable, but 
healthful. The soil is rich, affording good 
tillage and grazing. 

This state produces the various grains, po- 


















UNITED STATES. 


63 


tatoes, maplo sugar, butter, cheese, and large 
quantities oi wool. Iron ore is abundant 
and there are extensive quarries of marble. 

It has no sea-coast, and its inhabitants are 
principally engaged in agriculture. 

Montpelier, situated on the Onion river, 
is the capital of the state, and a very plea¬ 
sant town. 

Burlington has a beautiful site on the 
east shore of lake Champlain, commanding 
a fine prospect. It is the largest town in 
the state, and is the seat of the University 
of Vermont. 

Brattleboro was the first town settled in 
Vermont. It has several manufactories. 

Questions. 'What is the surface of Vermont? 
Climate and soil ? Productions ? What is the chief 
pursuit? Describe Montpelier. Burlington. Brat¬ 
tleboro. 


4. MASSACHUSETTS. 

Square miles, 7,800. Population, 1,231,000. 

Massachusetts is generally level, or slight¬ 
ly uneven in the eastern part; the interior 
and western portions are hilly and rugged. 

The climate resembles that of the other 
E istern States, though the coast is subject 
to oold easterly winds. 

The soil is light in the eastern portion 
and rather sandy; in the middle and western 
parts more fertile. The farms are highly 
cultivated, and produce wheat, Indian corn, 
rye, oats, fruits, butter, and cheese. 

Manufactures and commerce chiefly en¬ 
gage tne attention of its inhabitants. In 
cotton and woolen manufactures, Massachu¬ 
setts is the first state in the Union. 

The whale, cod and other fisheries are 
very valuable. 

Massachusetts is also distinguished for the 
number and excellence of her public schools. 


Boston is the largest city in New Eng¬ 
land. It is situated at the head of Massa¬ 
chusetts Bay, and is noted for the wealth 
and refinement of its citizens, and its nu¬ 
merous scientific and literary institutions. 
It has a variety of manufactures, and an 
extensive commerce. The city has many 
fine buildings. 



MAOTTACTURES. 


Charlestown is situated on a peninsula 
immediately north of Boston. It contains 
the Bunker Hill monument, and the United 
States Navy yard, which occupies an area 
of more than seventy acres. Lowell, on 
the Merrimac river, is an important manu¬ 
facturing city. Cotton and woolen goods 
are produced in great quantities. Spring-- 
feld is one of the most important com¬ 
mercial cities on the Connecticut river. 
Worcester, Lawrence and Lynn are impor¬ 
tant manufacturing places. Salem holds a 
liigli rank as a commercial city. New 






























54 UNITED 


Bedford is extensively engaged in the whale 
fishery. 

Questions. Describe the surface of Massachusetts. 
What is said of its climate? Soil? Productions? 
Manufactures and commerce ? Fisheries ? Public 
schools ? Boston ? Charlestown ? Lowell ? Spring- 
field? Worcester, Lawrence and Lynn ? Salem and 
Now Bedford ? 


5. RHODE ISLAND. 

Square miles, 1,306. Population, 174,000. 

Rhode Island, in extent of territory, is 
the smallest state in the Union. 

The surface is undulating; the soil, fertile 
on the coast, but barren in the interior, and 
the climate agreeable. 

The productions are grains, fruits, butter 
and cheese. 

This state is largely engaged in manufac¬ 
tures. It has considerable commerce. 

Providence, one of the capitals, is located 
on Providence river, and is the seat of 
Brown University. It has a great variety of 
manufactures and considerable commerce. 

Newport, the other capital, is built on 
the island of Rhode Island, which lies in 
Narragansett Bay. This island is a place 
of great resort in the summer season. 

Questions. What is said of the comparative size 
of Rhode Island? Surfice and soil? Productions? 
Manufactures ? Commerce ? Describe Providence. 
AVherc is Newport situated? 


6. CONNECTICUT. 

Square miles, 4,674. Population, 460,000. 

Connecticut is, in general, undulating or 
hilly; the climate is agreeable, and the soil 
fertile, especially in the valley of the Con¬ 
necticut River. 

Large quantities of grass, potatoes, corn. 


STATES. 


butter, and cheese, are produced. There 
are several extensive quarries of granite 
and freestone. There are also mines of 
silver, lead, copper and iron. 

Its inhabitants are chiefly engaged in 
agriculture and manufactures. 

Hartford is situated on the west bank of 
the Connecticut river, fifty-three miles from 
its mouth. It is advantageously situated 
for trade and commerce, and largely engaged 
in manufactures. It contains Trinity Col¬ 
lege, the American Asylum for the Deaf 
and Dumb, a Retreat for the Insane, and 
a Hospital. 

New Haven is situated at the head of 
New Haven Bay, four miles from Long 
Island Sound. It is noted for its literary 
and educational institutions. It is exten¬ 
sively engaged in manufactures and has 
considerable commerce. 



FREE ACADEMY, NORWICH. 

Neio London has a commodious harbor, 
and is largely engaged in the whale fisheries. 
Norwich ., Middleloivn, Bridgeport Water- 
bury are the remaining cities. 

Questions. Describe the surface, soil and climate 
of Connecticut. What are its productions ? Mines ? 
Principal employments of its inhabitants ? Describe 
Hartford. New Haven. New London. 




























UNITED STATES. 


05 



NEW YOUK CITY. 


MIDDLE STATES. 

The Middle States are situated south-west • 
of Xew Engiand. They embrace New York, 
New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Delaware; 
and comprise a great variety of surface, ! 
climate and soil. 

This section is diversified by high and 
broken ranges of mountains, and numerous 
rivers and lakes. 

The Alleghany is the principal range of 
mountains. The chief rivers are the Hud¬ 
son, Delaware, Susquehanna and St. Law¬ 
rence. 

The Middle States possess superior facili¬ 
ties for commerce and trade. The eastern 
])ortion borders New England and the At¬ 
lantic, and the north-western, the great 
lakes, while tlie interior is traversed by nu¬ 
merous railroads and canals. 

^ Questions. How are the Middle States situated ? 
Name them. What do they comprise ? How are they 
diversitied ? What is said of commerce and trade ? 


7. NEW YORK. 

• Square miles, 47,000. Population, 3,888,000. 

New York is the most Avealthy and popu¬ 
lous of the United States ; hence it is called 
the “ Empire State.” 

The eastern and northern parts are hilly 
and mountainous; the western portion 
spreads out in table-lands, rising from Lake 
Ontario. 

The mountainous sections have a light 
soil; the more level are usually A'cry rich 
and fertile. 

The climate is healthful, but cold in the 
northern part. Agriculture is the chief 
pursuit. 

The commerce is larger than that of any 
other state and extends to all parts of the 
1 Avorld, and the manufactures are extensiA’e 
and constantly increasing. 

Wheat is the staple production. Indian 
corn, and other grains, Avith potatoes, apples, 
pears, peaches, maple-sugar, butter, cheese. 
















56 UNITED STATES. 


beeswax, and honey, are the other principal 
products. 

Iron, lead, limestone, and salt springs, 
abound; also mineral springs, the most 
noted of which are those at Saratoga, Balls- 
ton and Avon. 

The natural curiosities of this state are 
on a grand scale. Among them are the 
Falls of Niagara, on the Niagara river, 
which are nearly three quarters of a mile 
wide, and one hundred and sixty feet high. 

Two miles below the cataract, the river is 
spanned by a magnificent suspension bridge 
eight hundred feet long, and two hundred 
and thirty feet above the water, supported 
by four wire cables, nine and one-fourth 
inches in diameter. 

New York is distinguished for her great 
commercial advantages, and for her com¬ 
mon schools and other educational institu¬ 
tions. 

Albany, the capital, is situated on the 
Hudson river, and has a very large inland 
trade. The Erie Canal here unites with 
the Hudson. Great numbers of steamboats 
ply between this city and New York. 

New York City^ situated on IManhattan 
island, is the largest and most important 
city in America, and is tlie center of trade 
for the Western Continent. In the extent 
of its commerce and the amount of its 
manufactures, it exceeds every other city in 
the New World. It has many costly and 
elegant buildings, and numerous literary 
and benevolent institutions. Broadway, its 
principal street, and one of the finest to bo 
seen in any city, is eighty feet wide and 
about three miles in lengtii. The city is 
supplied with water by means of the Croton 
aqueduct, which is more than forty miles 
long. 


Brooklyn is on the western extremity of 
Long Island, opposite New York City, and 
is exiensively engaged in commerce. It 
contains many fine buildings, and a large 
Navy Yard. Buffalo^ on Lake Erie, carries 
on an extensive trade with tlie West. Its 
manufactures are important. It is largely 
engaged in the converting of wheat into 
flour. Its principal public buildings are a 
Court House, Jail, Market House, and sev¬ 
eral fine churches. Rochester is remark¬ 
able for its extensive manufacture of flour. 
Syracuse is noted as the seat of the most 
valuable salt manufactures in the United 
States. Troy^ situated on both sides of the 
Hudson river at the head of steamboat nav¬ 
igation, contains numerous manufactories 
and has important facilities for commerce. 

Questions. What rank has New York ? Describe 
its surface. Soil. Climate. What is said of agricul¬ 
ture? Commerce and manufactures? Productions? 
Minerals and springs ? Natural curiosities ? Suspen¬ 
sion bridge ? For what is New York di.stinguished ? 
Describe Albany. New York City. Brooklyn. Buf¬ 
falo. Rochester. Syracuse. Troy. 


* 8. NEW JERSEY. 

Square miles, 8,320. Population, 672,000. 

New Jersey is hilly in the northern part; 
in the southern, quite level. 

Its climate is mild, and the soil product¬ 
ive, except in the southern portion of the 
state, where it is sandy. 

The inhabitants are chiefly employed in 
agriculture and the raising of fruit. The 
finest apples, peaches and garden vegetables, 
are sent to Now York, Philadelphia, and 
other markets. 

New Jersey is extensively engaged in 
manufactures. Its commerce is small. 














UNITED STATES. 57 


It has also valuable shad and oyster fish¬ 
eries. 

Iron ore and zinc are found abundantly 
in some portions of the state. 

Education is receiving increasing atten¬ 
tion. 

Trenton, the capital, is situated at the 
head of tide water on the Delaware river. 
It is a pleasant city, and the place where 
General Washington captured the Hessians 
in 1776. 

Newark is the largest city in the state, 
and largely engaged in manufactures. It 
is ten miles west of New York City. Pat¬ 
erson, at the Passaic Falls, is also a very 
flourishing manufacturing town. 

Questions. What is said of the surface of New 
Jersey? Its climate? Soil? Productions? Man¬ 
ufactures ? Commerce ? Its fisheries ? Minerals ? 
Describe Trenton. Newark. Paterson. 


9. PENNSYLVANIA. 

Square miles, 46,000. Population, 2,906,000. 

Pennsylvania is a large and important 
state, distinguished for its mineral resources, 
manufactures, and internal improvements. 

Its eastern section is level or undulating, 
with a fertile soil and mild climate; the 
middle is mountainous, and subject to ex¬ 
tremes of heat and cold; and the western, 
hilly, but productive and agreeable. 

Tlie people are largely interested in agri¬ 
culture, manufactures and mining. Wheat, 
Indian corn, orchard fruits, potatoes, butter, 
and wool, are the chief products. The farms 
are generally large and well conducted. 

The manufactures are very extensive, and 
comprise a great variety of articles. In the 
production of coal and iron, Pennsylvania 
surpasses any other state in the Union. 


Canals and railroads are numerous, great¬ 
ly increasing the facilities of trade. 

This state was settled in 1681, by William 
Penn, a Quaker,whose kind and liberal treat¬ 
ment of the Indians secured peace to the 
settlers for seventy years. 

Harrisburg, the capital, is pleasantly 
located on the Susquehanna river. 



merchants’ exchange, PHILADELPHIA. 


Philadelphia, on the west bank of the Del¬ 
aware river, is, in size, the second city of the 
United States. It is laid out in squares, is 
remarkably neat, and is extensively engaged 
in trade, manufactures and commerce. 
Many of the public buildings are elegant. 

It has a mint for coining money,and a Navy 
Yard. Philadelphia is supplied with water 
by the Fairmount water-works, which con¬ 
vey the water of the Schuylkill river through 
the city in iron pipes. 

Erie has one of the largest and best Imr- 
bors on the lake. Lancaster is situated in 
the midst of a populous agricultural district, 
and has considerable trade. Pittsburg is a j 
very flourishing manufacturing town, at the ' 
junction of the Alleghany and Monongahela i 
rivers, and has a large inland trade. From j 
its extensive manufactures of iron,it is called ] 

the “ Birmingham of America.” Pottsville 1 



















58 


UNITED STATES. 



THE SOUTHERN STATES. 


^LwdiWilkesbarre are situated in a coal re¬ 
gion. 

Questions. Describe Pennsylvania. What is said 
of the surface, soil, and climate? Of the pursuits? 
Productions ? Manufactures ? Minerals ? Canals and 
railroads? By whom was Pennsylvania settled ? What 
can you say of Harrisburg? Philadelphia? Erie? 
Lancaster ? Pittsburg ? Pottsville and Wilkesbarre ? 


10. DELAAVARE. 

Square miles, 2,120. Population, 112,000. 

Delaware is the smallest state in the Union 
except Rhode Island. 

It is generally level. Its soil is fertile in 
the northern part, but sandy in the central 
and southern portions. 

The climate resembles that of New Jer¬ 
sey. The principal pursuits are agriculture 
and manufactures. 

Wheat is the staple production. Apples 
and peaches are raised in great abundance, 
and of a fine quality. 

Dover, the capital of the state, is situated 
on Jones’ Creek. 

Wilmington, its largest city, is located near 
the junction of Christiana and Brandywine 


Creeks. It has considerable commerce, and 
is engaged extensively in manufactures. 

Questions. How does Delaware compare with the 
other states in size ? AA^hat is its surface and soil ? 
Its climate ? AYhat are the chief pursuits ? Produc¬ 
tions ? Describe Dover. AA^ilmington. 


SOUTHERN STATES. 

The Southern States are Maryland, 
Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, 
Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, 
Louisiana, and Texas. 

They extend along the Atlantic Ocean 
and the Gulf of Mexico from Delaware Bay 
to the Rio Grande. 

The coast is level and sandy; the interior 
is undulating and more fertile. The Alle¬ 
ghany mountains extend through the west¬ 
ern portions of Virginia and North and 
South Carolina. 

The inhabitants are mostly of English and 
French descent. 

Questions. Name the Southern States. What is 
said of their extent? Describe their surface and 
soil. AVhat is said of the inhabitants ? 



























UNITED 


11. MARYLAND. 

Square miles, 11,124. Population, 687,000. 

Maryland comprises a small, -well watered 
country lying on the shores of the Chesapeake 
bay which divides the state into two parts. 

The shores are level, warm, and in sum¬ 
mer, unhealthy. The western portion is 
hilly, and the climate agreeable. 

The soil is productive and well adapted to 
the cultivation of grain and 
fruits. Wheat and tobacco are 
raised in large quantities. Indian 
corn is an important product. 

Iron and coal are its most im¬ 
portant minerals. Coal is chiefly 
found in the western part. 

Agriculture and commerce 
are the principal pursuits of the 
people. 

This state was colonized by 
English Catholics under Lord 
Baltimore, in 1632. Under his 
wise administration the colony 
was very prosperous. 

Annapolis, the seat of gov¬ 
ernment, is situated three miles 
from Chesapeake bay on the 
river Severn. 

Baltimore is situated on a branch of the 
Patapsco river, and is the largest city in the 
state. It has an extensive commerce, and 
a large trade in flour and tobacco. From 
the number and elegance of its monuments, 
it is called the “ Monumental city.” Easton 
and Cumberland are places of some import¬ 
ance. The latter has an extensive trade and 
several largo flouring mills. 

Questions. What does Maryland comprise ? De¬ 
scribe its surface and climate. Soil. What are its 
principal productions ? Minerals ? Pursuits ? By 
whom was it colonized ? What is said of Ant.apolis ? 
Baltimore ? Easton and Cumberland ? 


STATES. 69 


12. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

Square miles, GO. Population, 76,000. 

The District of Columbia lies on the east 
bank of the Potomac, one hundred and fifty 
miles from its mouth, and belongs to the 
United States. 

Note. It formerly embraced a tract ten miles square, 
lying on both sides of the Potomac, and ceded by the 
states of Maryland and Virginia. The Virginia portion 
has been ceded back. 


Washington City, the capital of the 
nation, is located here. It was laid out un¬ 
der the direction of General Washington, 
whose name it bears, and became the seat 
of government in the year 1800. It con¬ 
tains the Capitol, President’s House, Gen¬ 
eral Post Office, Patent Office, and other 
public buildings. 

The Capitol is built of white freestone 
and marble in the form of a cross. It is 
a magnificent building, surmounted with 
domes, and contains the Senate Chamber 
and Representatives’ Hall. 

The President’s House is also a hand¬ 
some building of white freestone. It is 



SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 



















UNITED STATES. 


GO 


situated on an eminence about a mile and 
a half west of the Capitol, and is surrounded 
by beautiful grounds. 

South-west from the Capitol, on a gently 
rising ground, stands the Smithsonian In¬ 
stitution. It is a noble structure, four 
hundred and fifty feet long, and built of 
red sandstone, in the Norman style. 

Questions. Describe the District of Columbia. 
Washington City. What can you say of the Capitol ? 
The President’s House ? Smithsonian Institution ? 


13. VIRGINIA. 

Square miles, 61,352. Population, 1,596,000. 

Virginia is low and level in the eastern 
part; the interior and northern parts arc 
hilly and mountainous. 

The Blue Ridge and Alleghany mountains 
extend across the state. 

The climate is warm in the lowlands, but 
mild and healthful in the elevated portions 
of the state. 

On the banks of the rivers and in the 
valleys, the soil is fertile, but barren on the | 
mountains. 

Agriculture is the principal employment 
of the inhabitants. Tobacco, Indian corn, 
wheat, and potatoes, are the chief produc¬ 
tions. 

Gold, iron, lead, copper, and coal, are 
found; also salt springs, and several min¬ 
eral springs, the most noted of which are 
the White,Warm and Hot Sulphur Springs. 

The Natural Bridge, over Cedar Creek, 
is a solid rock covered with earth and trees, 
and crosses a chasm two hundred feet deep 
and sixty feet wide. 

Virginia was settled in 1607, by colonists 
from England. It is sometimes called the 
‘‘ Old Dominion.” 


Richmond, the capital of the state, has a 
fine site on the James river, one hundred 
and ten miles from the Chesapeake bay. It 
possesses an immense water-power, giving 
it great natural advantages for productive 
industry. Its manufactures are already 
extensive. 

Norfolk, on the river Elizabeth, has a very 
commodious harbor, and has been one of 
the principal naval stations of the United 
States. It is the chief seaport of Virginia. 
Wheeling, on the Ohio River, has a large 
trade and extensive manufactures. The 
hills in the vicinity contain inexhaustible 
beds of coal. Petersburg is a flourishing 
town on the Appomattox river, and pos¬ 
sesses extensive facilities for business. 

Questions. What is the surface of Virginia ? Cli¬ 
mate ? Soil ? Principal employment of the people ? 
What are the productions ? Minerals ? Describe the 
Natural Bridge. When was Virginia settled ? What 
is said of Richmond ? Norfolk ? Wheeling ? Peters¬ 
burg ? 

14. NORTH CAROLINA. 

Square miles, 50,704. Population, 992,000. 

North Carolina is level and sandy in the 
eastern part. The sea-coast abounds with 
swamps, and is bordered by sand bars. 

The interior is undulating and productive. 
The western portion is a broad table-land, 
which rises into the Alleghany mountains. 

Near the coast the climate is hot, but the 
elevated portions are cooler and more salu¬ 
brious. 

The chief articles of cultivation are Indian 
corn, tobacco, sweet potatoes, wheat, oats, 
cotton, and rice. Its forests furnish large 
quantities, of lumber, turpentine, tar, and 
rosin. 

It has valuable gold mines which are ex- 














TTNTTED STATES. 


fil 


tensively wrought. Iron, copper and coal, 
are also found. 



TCRPE.NTINE DISTILLERY. 


Rice, cotton, and naval stores, are the 
principal exports. 

R.4LEIGH, the capital, has an elevated and 
healthful situation, and is laid out with great 
regularity. It contains a fine State House 
built of granite after the model of the Par¬ 
thenon. 

Wilmington is the largest town in the 
state. It is located on the Cape Fear river, 
thirty-five miles from its mouth, and has 
considerable commerce. Newhern and Fay¬ 
etteville are also towns of considerable trade 
and commerce. 

Questions. What is the surface and soil of the 
eastern part of North Carolina? Of its interior? 
Western part? What is the climate? What are the 
chief productions ? What can you say of its gold 
mines ? Other minerals ? Exports ? Raleigh ? Wil¬ 
mington ? Newhern and Fayetteville ? 


15. SOUTH CAROLINA. 

Square miles, 29,385. Population, 703,000. 

South Carolina is level and marshy upon 
4 


the sea-coast. The interior and western 
portions are undulating. 

The soil is in many places sandy and un¬ 
productive, but much of it is rich and fer¬ 
tile, especially on the banks of the rivers. 

In the lowlands the climate is moist and 
unhealthful,—in the elevated districts, it is 
more temperate and agreeable. 

The inhabitants are mostly farmers or 
planters. Cotton, rice, Indian corn, sweet 
potatoes, wheat, oats, and tobacco, are the 
principal agricultural productions. 

There are several islands along the coast 
of this state and Georgia, which produce the 
finest cotton, called “ Sea Island Cotton.” 

The tropical fruits here begin to flourish, 
as oranges, lemons, figs, &c. 

South Carolina has few manufactures, 
but considerable commerce. Its exports of 
cotton and rice are extensive. 

Columbia, its capital, is pleasantly situated. 

Charleston, at the junction of the Ashley 
and Cooper rivers, is handsomely built. It 
has been the principal sea-port of the state. 
Camden, on the Wateree river, is noted for 
the defeat of General Gates, by Lord Corn¬ 
wallis, in the Revolutionary War. A battle 
was also fought here between the Americans 
under General Greene, and the British un¬ 
der Lord Rawdon. Georgetown, situated 
on Winyaw bay, is a place of some trade. 

Questions. Describe the surface of South Carolina. 
Soil. Climate. What can you say of its productions ? 
Fruits? Manufactures and commerce? Columbia? 
Charleston ? Camden ? Georgetown ? 


16. GEORGIA. 

Square miles, 58,000. Population, 1,057,000. 
Georgia is a large state, level on the coast, 
hilly in the interior, and mountainous in the 
north. 


















C2 


UNITED STATES. 


The Okefenokee Swamp extends from 
Florida into its southern part, and abounds 
with alligators and reptiles. 

Cotton, rice, sweet potatoes, and Indian 
corn, are the chief articles of cultivation, 
but large quantities of wheat, oats, sugar, 
tobacco, and fruits, are produced. 

Tlie manufactures of Georgia are limited, 
but increasing in importance. Quite a num¬ 
ber of railroads are in operation. 

Considerable attention is paid to educa¬ 
tion. 



GATHKRING COTTON. 

Milledgeville, the capital of the state, 
is regularly laid out at the head of steam¬ 
boat navigation on the Oconee river. 

Savannah, is pleasantly located on a high 
bluff of the Savannah river, eighteen miles 
from its mouth, has considerable trade, and 
abounds with a flowering tree, called the 
“Pride of China.” Augusta is a beautiful i 
city, one hundred and seventy miles above 
Savannah, on the Savannah river. Colum¬ 
bus, Macon, Darien, and Atlanta, are also 
thriving towns. 

Questions. What can you say of the size and gen¬ 
eral features of Georgia ? What of the Okefenokee 
Swamp ? Name the chief productions ? Wha,t is 


said of manufactures and railroads ? Of education ? 
Describe Milledgeville. Savannah. Augusta. What 
other flourishing towns ? 


17. FLORIDA. 

Square miles, 59,2C8. Population, 140,000. 

Florida is a peninsula on the extreme 
south of the United States, approaching 
within a degree and a half of the Torrid 
Zone. The southern portion is covered 
with marshes and shallow lakes, and is called 
“The Everglades.” The northern and cen¬ 
tral portions are mostly level. The soil is 
generally sandy, but productive in many 
parts. The chief products are cotton, sugar¬ 
cane, rice, tobacco, Indian corn, and sweet 
potatoes. 

Oranges, dates, figs, and other tropical 
fruits, abound, with a great variety of blos¬ 
soming plants. 

The forests yield abundantly cedar, and 
the live oak which is so much used in ship 
building. 

The white inhabitants are chiefly confined 
to the northern portions of the state. 

Tallahassee, the capital, is situated on 
the Appalachee bay. 

St. Augustine was the first town settled in 
the United States. It has a delightful cli¬ 
mate, and is embosomed in orange trees. 
Appalachicola, on the river of the same 
name, and Pensacola, on Pensacola bay, 
are both thriving places, and have consider¬ 
able trade. Key West is the most populous 
town in the state, and occupies an island of 
the same name, four miles long and a mile 
wide. It has a safe and capacious harbor, 
and its principal business is derived from 
salvages and other perquisites of wrecked 
vessels. 













UNITED 


Questions. What can you say of the situation and 
surface of Florida ? Of its soil ? Productions ? Of 
its fruits? Forests? Where do the whites reside ? 
What is said of Tallahassee ? St. Augustine ? Appa- 
lachicola ? Pensacola? Key West? 


18. ALABAMA. 

Square miles, 50,722. Population, 964-,000. 

Alabama is generally level, except in the 
northern part, where it is mountainous. 

The soil for the most part is productive, 
and in many places very rich. The climate 
is quite warm in the southern portion of the 
state. Snow and ice ai*5 occasionally seen 
in the mountainous districts. 

Agriculture principally engages the atten¬ 
tion of its inhabitants. Cotton and Indian 
corn are the great staples. Wheat, oats, 
sweet potatoes, rice, and tobacco, are also 
raised. 

It has some commerce and manufactures. 

Montgomery, the capital, is situated at 
the head of steamboat navigation on the 
Tuscaloosa river. 

Mobile is the largest city in the state, and 
its principal seaport. It is pleasantly situ¬ 
ated at the head of Mobile bay. Tusca¬ 
loosa^ Welumpka and Huntsville, are flour¬ 
ishing towns, possessing considerable trade. 

Questions. What is said of the surface of Alaba¬ 
ma ? Soil and climate ? What are the productions ? 
What is said of commerce and manufactures ? Of 
Montgomery? Mobile? Wetumpka, Tuscaloosa and 
Huntsville ? 


19. MISSISSIPPI. 

Square miles, 47,156. Population, 791,000. 

Mississippi slopes towards the south 
and west. The southern part is level; the 
central and northern portions are undulat¬ 
ing, and diversified by occasional bliiflfs and 


STATES. 03 


ranges of hills. The western part of the 
state, upon the Mississippi river, is marshy. 



PRODUCTIONS AND EXPORTS. 


Tlie climate is warm, and the soil gen¬ 
erally rich and highly productive. 

The inhabitants are chiefly devoted to the 
raising of cotton. Indian corn, rice and 
sugar, are also produced. Fruits, such as 
figs, peaches and bananas, are abundant. 

The plantations of Mississippi are gener¬ 
ally large, and often employ several hun¬ 
dred negro slaves each. 

Its first settlers were of French descent, 
who founded the town of Natchez in 1716. 

Jackson is the capital of the state. It is 
pleasantly situated at the head of steam¬ 
boat navigation on the Pearl river. 

Natchez is one of the pleasantest cities in 
the western valley. It stands on a high 
bluff upon the Mississippi, three hundred 
feet above the surface of the river. Great 
numbers of steamboats stop here, and a 
large trade is carried on. Vicksburg has a 
very picturesque site, on the bank of the 
Mississippi river, the land rising in terraces 
from the river. Columbus is situated on 
















UNITED STATES 


04 


the left bank of the Tombighee river one 
hundred and eighty miles from Jackson. 
It is surrounded by an extensive planting 
district, and has an active business. 

Questions. What is said of the surface of Missis¬ 
sippi ? Climate ? Soil ? Productions ? The plant¬ 
ations ? First settlers ? Describe Jackson. Natchez. 
Vicksburg. Columbus. 

20. LOUISIANA. 

Square miles, 41,255. Population, '700,000. 

Louisianais remarkably level, and abounds 
with swamps and pine forests, which render 
much of its surface unfit for cultivation. 

The soil on either side of the Mississippi 
river is very fertile, producing large crops 
of cotton, sugar, rice, Indian corn, and to¬ 
bacco. The tropical fruits are abundant. 



SUGAR PRESS, FRUITS, CANE AND COTTO.V 

The climate, in summer, is excessively 
hot and often sickly. Agriculture is the 


leading pursuit, but commerce is very ex¬ 
tensive and important. 

Louisiana formerly belonged to the 
French, of whom it was purchased by the 
United States in 1803. 

Baton Rouge, the capital, is situated on 
the east bank of the Mississippi, one hundred 
and thirty-one miles above New Orleans. 

! It stands on the first high bank which occurs 
in ascending the river, and is one of the 
healthiest towns in the southern portion of 
the Mississippi valley. 

Nevj Orleans is situated on the east side 
of the Mississippi river about one hundred 
miles from its mouth. When the river is 
high, the surface of the water is several feet 
aljove the streets of the city, and is kept 
from overflowing by levees. This city is 
the great emporium of the south-western 
and western states, and its harbor is con¬ 
stantly crowded with ships, steamboats and 
the various river craft of the West. Many 
of the public buildings and churches of 
New Orleans are large and costly struct¬ 
ures. The custom house, when completed, 
will be the largest in tlie Southern States. 
The benevolent institutions are extensive 
and well conducted. 

Natchitoches is pleasantly situated on 
Red river, about five hundred miles from 
New Orleans. It is a place of considerable 
trade, having regular steam communication 
with New Orleans. Shreveport is a thriving 
place on the right bank of the Red river, 
about six hundred and eighty miles by 
water above New Orleans. It is in the 
midst of an extensive planting region and 
advantageously situated for trade. 

Questions. What can you say of the surface of 
Louisiana? Soil? Productions? Climate? Agri- 
I culture and Commerce? Of whom was this State 
























UNITED STATES. 


65 


purchased ? Describe Baton Rouge. New Orleans. 
Natchitoches. Shreveport. 


21. TEXAS. 

Square miles, 237,504. Population, 601,000. 

Texas is the largest of the United States 
in extent of territory. It embraces almost 
every variety of surface within its limits. 
It is level in the south-east, undulating in 
the interior, and mountainous in the west 
and north-west. The Great American Plain 
extends sixty miles within the bounds of 
Texas on the north. 

The climate is free from the extremes of 
both the torrid and temperate zones. The 
heats of summer arc much mitigated by the 
winds which blow steadily from the Gulf of 
]\Icxico during that season. 

Tlie soil is varied, 3 ^et its general charac¬ 
ter is that of great fertility. Cotton, Indian 
corn and tobacco are the staple products. 
Sugar-cane is cultivated in the level coun- 
tiy. Oranges, lemons and other fruits grow 
well. Cayenne pepper is raised in large 
quantities. 

The minerals are gold, silver, salt, copper, 
and iron. An immense bed of gypsum 
traverses the north-west portion of the 
state. 

Bisons, wild horses and cattle roam the 
prairies in large herds. 

Texas formerly belonged to Mexico. It 
declared its independence in 1836, and in 
1845 was annexed to the United States. 

Austin, the capital, is a flourishing town, 
situated on the Colorado. The river is 
navigable to this point during winter. The 
scenery around Austin is highly pictur¬ 
esque. 

Galveston is situated on Galveston island. 


and is the principal seaport of Texas. It is 
rapidly increasing in population, and has 
considerable commerce. Houston is loca¬ 
ted on the Buffalo Bayou about two hun¬ 
dred miles from Austin. It is well situated 
for trade at the head of steam navigation, 
and is the principal shipping port for several 
adjacent counties. Matagorda is situated 
on a bay of the same name at the mouth of 
the Colorado River. It has considerable 
trade and is the depot for the produce of 
one of the richest valleys in the state. The 
sea-breeze renders this place a favorite 
summer residence of citizens from the 
interior. 

Questions. What is said of the comparative size of 
Texas ? Surface ? Climate and soil ? What are its 
productions? Minerals? What animals are found 
here? When was it annexed to the United States? 
Describe Austin. Galveston. Houston. Matagorda. 


Note os the Southern States. 

A portion of the country is at war against the govern¬ 
ment as this work goes to press, (August, 1862.) 

The physical features of the states engaged will remain 
nearly the same, and any change which may take place 
in the political condition of the people will be noted in 
the appendix. 

The commerce of the Southern States for the time, is 
nearly ceased. Means of communication with other na¬ 
tions or with the North, are nearly all cut off. The effects 
of the war on commerce, manufactures and agriculture, 
arc seen in all the states, and must modify to some extent 
the descriptions given. 

The following states claim to have seceded from the 
Union: 

Alabama, Missouri, 

Arkansas, North Carolina, 

Florida, South Carolina, 

Georgia, Tennessee, 

Louisiana, Texas, 

Mississippi, Virginia. 

These states claim to have united under the title of 
“ The Confederate States of America.” Their Congress 
was first held in Montgomery, and afterward removed 
to Richmond. 















G6 


UNITED STATES. 







il 

'll-— 


cnicA(;(', ILL. 


WESTERN STATES. 

The Western States are Ohio, Michigan, 
Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ar¬ 
kansas, Missouri, Iowa, Wisconsin, Minne¬ 
sota, Kansas, Oregon, and California. 

They comprise the greater i^ortion of the 
valley of the Mississippi and its branches, 
and abound with extensive forests, vast 
prairies and majestic rivers. Two of these 
States lie on the Pacific. 

The climate is warmer than in states of 
the same latitude on the Atlantic coast. 

The Western States are rapidly filling up 
with emigrants from Europe and the older 
States. 

In some of the Western States, a great 
interest is manifested in the cause of edu¬ 
cation. Large appropriations have been 
made for instruction in public schools, and 
these schools have very much improved. 

Colleges and seminaries of learning have 
been established in important places. 


I Questions. Name the Western States. What do 
I they comprise? What is their climate? AYhat is 
said of emigrants ? Education ? 


22. ARKANSAS. 

Square miles,^52,198. Population, 435,000. 

Arkansas is marshy in the eastern part, 
and subject to inundations. The remain¬ 
ing parts are elevated and broken. In the 
low lands, the climate is unhealthful; in 
the elevated districts, salubrious. 

Near the rivers the soil is generally fer¬ 
tile. Eemote from them, it is sterile. 

The chief productions are live stock, In¬ 
dian corn, cotton, wheat, oats, tobacco, and 
sweet potatoes. It also produces fine fruits. 

There are numerous hot springs about 
fifty miles west of Little Rock, which are 
much resorted to by invalids. There is a 
fine cold spring so near one of these warm 
springs that a person can put one hand into 


j 





































UNITED STATES. 


hot and the other into cold water at the 
same time. 

Little Rock, on the Arkansas river, is 
the capital and most important town of the 
state. 

Van Buren, on the Arkansas River, is a 
place of extensive commercial business and 
some manufactures. 

Qukstions. What is said of the surface of Arkan¬ 
sas ? Climate ? Soil ? Productions ? Describe the 
springs. Little Rock. Van Buren. 


23. MISSOURI. 

Square miles, 67,380. Population, 1,173,000. 

Missouri is agreeably diversified in sur¬ 
face ; the climate is subject to extremes of 
heat and cold; and the soil is, in general, 
very productive. 

Agriculture and mining are the leading 
pursuits. The chief productions are Indian 
corn, wheat, hemp, flax, tobacco, oats, pota¬ 
toes, butter, and cheese. Great numbers 
of cattle are reared. 

Missouri abounds in mineral treasures. 
There are several small mountains composed 
almost entirely of iron ore. Lead is very 
abundant; also coal, marble and freestone. 

Jefferson City, the capital of the state, 
occupies a high and commanding position 
on a bluff of the Missouri River. 

St. Louis, the largest city, is situated on 
the Mississippi river, and possesses great 
facilities for trade and commerce. It con¬ 
tains many elegant buildings, and is rapidly 
increasing in wealth and importance. St. 
Charles, near the junction of the Mississippi 
and Missouri rivers, has a pleasant location 
and considerable trade. Independence is 
the starting point in the trade with New" 
Mexico and tJtah. 


Questions. Describe the surface, climate and soil 
of Missouri. What are the chief pursuits? Pro¬ 
ducts? Minerals? Describe Jefferson City. St. 
Louis. St. Charles. Independence. 


24. TENNESSEE. 

Square miles, 45,600. Population, 1,109,000. 

Tennessee is mountainous and rugged in 
the eastern part; in the western, level or 
undulating. It is divided by the Cumber¬ 
land mountains into East and West Ten¬ 
nessee. 

It has a mild, agreeable climate, and in 
general, a fertile soil. Agriculture is the 
leading pursuit. Cotton, tobacco and In¬ 
dian corn, are the chief products. Oats, 
wheat and potatoes, are also cultivated. 

Immense numbers of swine and mules 
are raised in the state. 

Iron and coal are found in abundance. 

This state also abounds with numerous 
caves, from which nitrous earth is obtained 
for the manufacture of saltpetre. 

Fossil remains of gigantic antedeluvian 
animals have been discovered, particularly 
of the mastodon. Among the Enchanted 
mountains, so called, are found footprints 
of animals imbedded in limestone. 

Nashville has a pleasant site on the 
Cumberland river. It is the most wealthy 
and prosperous city of Tennessee, and is 
distinguished for its enterprising spirit, lite¬ 
rary taste, and polished society. 

Memphis, situated on the Mississippi river, 
is an important commercial town. 

Questions. Describe the surface of Tennessee. 
Climate and soil. Name the chief pursuit. Produc¬ 
tions. What is said of swine and mules ? Minerals? 
Of caves ? Fossils ? Nashville ? Memphis ? 














68 UNITED STATES. 


25. KENTUCKY. 

Square miles, 37,680. Population, 1,155,000. 

Kentucky is mountainous in the eastern 
part. Along the Ohio river it is hilly. 
The remaining portions are undulating or 
level. 

It has an agreeable and healthful climate, 
and a very productive soil, adapted to the 
raising of various kinds of grain. 

Wheat, Indian corn, hemp, flax, and to¬ 
bacco, are the staple productions. Fruits 
of excellent quality abound. Horses and 
cattle are reared in great numbers. 

Limestone and coal are common, and 
salt springs are numerous, around 'which 
the bones of the mastodon have been fre¬ 
quently found. 

Agriculture is the main pursuit, although 
manufactures and commerce receive much 
attention. 

Kentucky abounds 
with numerous 
caves, of which the 
“ Mammoth Cave ” 
is the most stupen¬ 
dous one known in 
the world. It has 
been explored for 
more than fifteen 
miles, and contains 
numerous apart- 

MAMMOTH CAVE. . 

merits, magnificent 
arches, and a navigable stream, abounding 
with eyeless fish. 

Kentucky was settled in 1767, by the re¬ 
nowned Daniel Boone, and a few followers. 

Frankfort, the seat of government, is 
beautifully situated on a plain ftiat over¬ 
looks the Kentucky river. 

Louisville, the largest city of the state, 
rises gradually from the Ohio river, on 


which it is situated. It has broad and reg¬ 
ular streets, and is extensively engaged in 
commerce and manufactures. Lexington 
has a very pleasant site, and a number of 
excellent literary institutions. 

Questions. What is said of the surface of Kentucky? 
Climate and soil ? What are the chief productions ? 
What is said of the minerals ? Agriculture, manufac¬ 
tures and commerce ? What ivonderful cave has Ken¬ 
tucky ? When vras Kentucky settled, and by whom ? 
Describe Frankfort. Louisville. Lexington. 


26. OHIO. 

Square mnes, 39,964. Population, 2,339,000. 

Ohio has no mountains, but the interior 
is elevated about one thousand feet above 
the level of the sea. From this, the surface 
slopes to Lake Erie and the Ohio river. 

It has in general a fertile soil, and a mild 
climate. 

Its chief products are wheat and Indian 
corn, though oats, rye, buckwheat, and 
tobacco, and the fruits of the Middle States, 
are raised in abundance. Butter, cheese, 
and maple-sugar, are produced to some ex¬ 
tent. Large numbers of horses and cattle 
are sent to the eastern markets. 

The great lakes, in connection with the 
rivers, canals and railroads of this state, 
afford abundant facilities for inland com¬ 
merce and manufactures, both of which are 
in a very flourishing condition. 

Iron and coal are found extensively. 

The state has made very liberal appropri¬ 
ations for her public schools, both for in¬ 
struction, and for libraries and apparatus. 

Ohio was settled in 1788, but it grew very 
slowly till 1810. Since that time it has in¬ 
creased rapidly in wealth and population. 

Columbus, the capital of the state, is finely 
situated on the east bank of the River Scioto. 



















UNITED STATES. 


69 


It is surrounded by a rich and populous 
country and is a place of active business. 



STATE lIOtJSE, COLUMBUS. 


The capitol is three hundred and eighty- 
four feet long, by one hundred and eighty- 
four wide, and is one of the finest buildings 
in the state. The other principal edifices 
are the Ohio Lunatic Asylum, Institution 
for the Blind, Asylum for Deaf and Dumb, 
and the Penitentiary. 

Cincinnati, the largest city in the state, 
and the “Queen City” of the west, is situ¬ 
ated on the Ohio, and rises by terraces from 
the river’s brink. It has grown with great 
rapidity, and is distinguished for its wealth, 
and its literary institutions, as well as for 
its manufactures and trade. Cleveland is a 
beautiful city situated on Lake Erie, pos¬ 
sessing great commercial facilities. It has 
one of the best harbors on the lake. San¬ 
dusky, situated on Sandusky bay, and Toledo 
on the Maumee river, are both flourishing 
cities engaged in the commerce of the lakes. 
Dayton, Zanesville and Steubenville are 
thriving places and largely engaged in man¬ 
ufactures. Chilicothe and Lancaster are 
also important towns. 

Questions. What is said of the surface of Ohio ? 
Soil and climate ? Name the chief products. What 


is said of horses and cattle ? Commerce and manu- j 
factures ? Iron and coal ? Of education ? Its settle¬ 
ment and growth ? Describe Columbus. Cincinnati. 
Cleveland. Sandusky and Toledo. What other im¬ 
portant towns ? j 

27. INDIANA. ' 

Square miles, 33,809. Population, 1,350,000. 

Indiana is generally level except in the 
south-west, which is broken and rocky. 

The climate is mild, and the soil exceed- i 
ingly fertile, especially on the river bottoms. 

The inhabitants are principally devoted 
to agriculture, though the state possesses 
facilities for manufactures which have been 
to some extent improved. 

Large quantities of Indian corn, wheat, 
j oats, pork, and beef, are exported, 
j Copper, iron, and coal, are the chief min- 
I erals; salt springs are also found, and sev- . 
eral interesting caves have been discovered 
and explored for many miles. 

This state has an extensive school fund, j 
and common schools are rapidly increasing. 

Indianapolis, the seat of government, is 
pleasantly situated near the White river. It , 
is the terminus of several railroads,which ffive ' 
it important facilities for trade. Ithasanele- I 
gant State-house and other public buildings. | 

JVeiv Albany is a flourishing city on the I 
Ohio river, remarkable for its rapid growth I 
and active trade. Steamboat building is 
carried on very extensively here. Madison 
is advantageously situated for trade, and 
has a considerable amount of capital em¬ 
ployed in manufactures. La Fayette is ! 
pleasantly situated on the Wabash and is f 
the principal grain market in the state. | 

Questions. What is said of the surface of Indiana ? i 
Climate and soil ? Agriculture and manufactures ? 
Exports? Minerals? Common schools? Indian¬ 
apolis ? New Albany ? Madison ? La Fayette ? 























ro 


U N I T E D STATES. 


28. ILLINOIS. 

Square miles, 65,405. Population, 1,711,000. 

Illinois is principally a table land, sloping 
to tlie south and west. In climate, soil and 
j productions, it resembles Indiana. 

I Agriculture is the chief pursuit; and In- 
i diaii corn, wheat and oats, with a variety 
j of fruits and vegetables, are raised in the 
I greatest abundance. 

The prairies afford fine pasture for horses, 
j cattle and sheep, which are reared in great 
j numbers. A large number of hogs are 
I fatted for market. 

I Lead, coal and iron abound. The lead 
I mines of Galena are very profitable. 

Illinois has made ample provision for 
education, and has an extended system of 
internal improvements. 

Springfield, the capital, is a flourishing, 
town near the center of the state. It is 
' surrounded by rich and extensive prairies, 
which contain large quantities of bitumin¬ 
ous coal. 

Chicago, on lake Michigan, is the largest 
, city in the state. It has grown with re¬ 
markable rapidity, and is the center of a 
large and greatly increasing trade. It com¬ 
municates, by means of the chain of lakes j 
and railroads, with the Atlantic cities, and j 
by the Illinois and Michigan canal and by 
railroads, with the country west and south, j 
, Peoria is a flourishing city beautifully J 
situated on the Illinois river, and has an j 
extensive trade. Alton, Quincy and Pwch \ 
Island on the Mississippi river, are rapidly i 
increasing in population and importance, i 
: Galena is the center of mining operations 
j for this state. 

I Questions. What can you say of the surface 
j of Illinois ? Climate and soil ? Agriculture and 
I products ? Animals ? Minerals ? Education and 


internal improvements? Springfield? Chicago? 
Peoria ? Alton, Quincy and Rock Island ? Galena ? 


29. MICHIGAN. 

Square miles, 50,243. Population, 749,000. 

Michigan consists of two peninsulas, the 
northern lying between Lakes Superior and 
Michigan, and the southern between Lakes 
Huron, St. Clair and Erie, on the east, and 
Lake Michigan on the west. 

The northern peninsula is rugged, and in 
some parts, mountainous. The southern 
consists of an extensive undulating plain 
seldom broken. 

The northern part is cold, with a sterile 
soil. The southern is mild and very fertile. 
The staple products are wheat, Indian corn, 
oats, potatoes, butter, maple-sugar, wool, 
and live stock. 



DETROIT, MICH. 


The northern peninsula is very rich in 
copper. Iron, silver, lead, gypsum, and 
coal, are found. 

Michigan has an efficient common school 
system, and is doing much for the interests 
of education. 

Lansing, the capital, is situated on the 
Grand river, one liundred and fifty miles 
from Detroit. 



























UNITED 


Detroit, the principal city of the state, is 
situated on the west bank of Detroit river. 
It has great advantages for trade and com¬ 
merce. Monroe, on the river Raisin, is 
connected with the lake by a ship canal, 
and is the principal market for wheat pro¬ 
ducts in this part of the state. Ann Arbor, 
Adrian, Jackson, Kalamazoo, Grand Rapids, 
and Grand Haven, are important thriving 
towns, engaged in manufactures and trade. 

On the southern shores of Lake Superior 
are bluffs and precipices, towering to the 
height of three hundred feet, and over¬ 
hanging the water. They are called the 
“ Pictured Rocks,” because the waters have 
l3y their ceaseless surges worn them into 
various forms of grace and beauty. 

Questions. Of what does Michigan consist ? De¬ 
scribe the surface of Michigan. Climate and soil. 
Wliat are its staple products ? Minerals ? What is 
.said of education ? Describe Lansing. Detroit. 
Monroe. Other towns. The “Pictured Rock.s.” 


30. WISCONSIN. 

Square miles, 53,924. Population, 775,000. 

Wisconsin has an undulating, and in some 
parts, a hilly surface, but no mountains. 

Its southern portion has a mild climate, 
and very productive soil. The northern 
section is more sterile. 

The chief productions are wheat, Indian 
corn, oats, ])otatoes, maple sugar, and live 
stock. Considerable quantities of rye, peas, 
barley, and buckwheat, arc also raised. 

It is rich in lead and iron. Copper, zinc, 
marble, and gypsum, are found to some ex¬ 
tent. 

Liberal appropriations have been made : 
for the support of common schools. j 

Madison, the capital, is pleasantly situ- i 


STATES. 71 


ated on an isthmus between Third and 
Fourth lakes. The capitol is a fine lime¬ 
stone structure, surrounded by a public 
square. The city is well situated for busi¬ 
ness, and possesses many attractions to 
those seeking health and pleasure. 

Mihvaukee is located on the shore of Lake 
Michigan. The general appearance of the 
city is peculiar and striking from the color 
and superior quality of the bricks used in 
building. They are of a delicate and en¬ 
during cream color which is highly agree¬ 
able to the eye. It is the center of trade 
for a rich and rapidly improving country. 
It has an extensive water power employed 
in various manufactures. Its commerce is 
rapidly increasing. Racine, situated on the 
west shore of Lake Michigan, has one of the 
best harbors on the lake. It is regularly 
laid out with wide streets, and contains a 
number of fine public buildings. Green 
Bay, La Crosse, Janesville, and Fond du Lac, 
are flourishing towns. 

Questions. What is the surface of Wisconsin? 
Climate and soil ? What are the chief productions ? 
Minerals ? What is said of common schools ? Mad¬ 
ison? Milwaukee? Racine? Green Bay, &c.? 


31. IOWA. 

Square miles, 50,914. Population, 075,000. 

Iowa is generally composed of rolling 
prairies crossed by rivers whose banks are 
skirted with wood. A small portion in the 
north-east is rugged and rocky. 

The soil is exceedingly fertile, the climate, 
agreeable and healthful. The staple pro¬ 
ductions are Indian corn, wheat and live 
stock. 

Its lead mines are very rich. Coal, iron, 
copper, and limestone, abound. 















72 ^UNITED STATES. 


Agriculture and miiiiug are the Icadiii 
pursuits. 

Des Moines, the capital, became the seat 
of government in 1857. 

Dubuque is the central depot of the min¬ 
ing region of Iowa, and a place of active 
trade. Davenport is a flourishing city on 
the Mississippi at the foot of the upper 
rapids. Muscatine^ Burlington, Council 
Bluff, and Iowa City are important towns. 

Questions. What is said of the surface of Iowa ? 
Soil? Climate? Pioductions? Minerals? Pursuits? 
Des Moines ? Dubuque ? Davenport ® Other towns ? 


33. MINNESOTA. 

Square miles, 75,000. Population, 162,000. 

Minnesota abounds in lakes and ponds, 
and though there are no liigli mountains in 
the state, it is the most elevated tract of 
land between Hudson’s Bay and the Gulf 
of Mexico, and from its central Iieights, sends 
its waters to every point of the compass. 



FALLS OF ST. ANTHONY. 


The climate is cold, especially in the 
Northern part. The soil is various, but 
generally fertile in the valleys of the rivers. 


The agricultural productions are Indian 
corn, wheat and oats. Copper, lead and 
iron, are the principal minerals. 

Its unsettled portions abound in wild 
animals, among which the buffalo, elk, deer, 
and antelope, are found. 

St. Paul is a flourishing city situated on 
the Mississippi, nine miles below the falls 
of St. Anthony. It is at the head of steam¬ 
boat navigation and a place of active busi¬ 
ness. Its growth has been rapid. 

St. Anthony, situated at the Falls of St. 
Antliony, is an important place. It has an 
immense water power, which is being ra]> 
idly improved for manufacturing purposes. 

Questions. What is said of Minnesota ? Its Cli¬ 
mate ? Soil ? Productions ? Minerals ? Animals ? 
St. Paul ? St. Anthony ? 


35. KANSAS. 

Square miles, 114,798. Population, 107,000. | 

Kansas is a new state lying west of Mis¬ 
souri. I 

The eastern part of the state is level or | 
gently undulating; the western is hilly, and 
sometimes mountainous. 

^ It has numerous rivers. The Missouri 
forms its north-eastern boundary. The | 
Kansas is the largest river principally with¬ 
in the territory, and is said to be navigable 
for 900 miles. 

The eastern portion and the valleys of 
the principal rivers are unrivaled in fer¬ 
tility. Its productions are similar to those ■ 
of Missouri. 

It has valuable forest trees and timber, 
consisting of oak, hickory, ash, cottonwood, 
and sugar-maple, on the river bottoms, and 
cedar, pine, and poplar, on the slopes of the ; 
mountains. i 
























UNITED STATES, 


73 


Kansas was erected into a 
territory in 1854, and ad¬ 
mitted as a state in 1861. 

Leavenworth, Lecomplon, 
and Lawrence are the prin¬ 
cipal towns. 

Questions, How is Kansas situ¬ 
ated ? ■\That is said of the surface ? 
Its rivers? The .soil? Productions? 
Forest trees ? History ? Towns ? 



32, CALIFORNIA. 

Square miles, 155,980. Population, 380,000. 

California is the most western of the 
United States, and extends for seven hun¬ 
dred miles on the shores of the Pacific. 

It has an undulating surface with numer¬ 
ous valleys, deep ravines and high mountains. 

The climate is warm and dry in summer, 
and wet in winter. 

In the valleys, the soil is very fertile. 
Barley, wheat, oats, potatoes, and fruits, 
are the chief products. In the southern 
parts, the fruits of tropical climates are 
produced. 

The rich deposits of gold make this one 
of the most important mineral regions in 
the world. Quicksilver is found in abund¬ 
ance. Copper, silver and platina have been 
discovered in various places. 

California was first colonized by the Span¬ 
iards. It became a province of Mexico, and 
was subject to revolutions and disturbances 
till by the treaty of peace of 1848, it became 
a part of the United States. 

The discovery of gold in 1847, was the 
principal cause of the early rapid growth 
of California, which gained for it admission 
Hito the Union as a state, in 1850. 


SAN FRANCISCO. 


Sacramento is situated on the Sacramen¬ 
to river about one hundred and twenty 
miles from the ocean, and is extensively en¬ 
gaged in trade. It is accessible for steamers 
and sailing vessels of a large size, at all sea¬ 
sons of the year. Its streets are well laid 
out, crossing each other at right angles. 

San Francisco lies on the western side 
of a bay of the same name. It is regularly 
laid out, has a fine harbor, and considerable 
commerce. It is the natural market for the 
state, and one of the finest ports in the woidd. 
Stockton, near the San Joaquin river, is an 
important trading point for the southern 
mines, and Marysville, on the Feather river, 
for the northern mines. 

Questions. How is California situated ? tThat 
is said of its surface ? Climate ? Soil ? Produc¬ 
tions ? Minerals ? History ? Describe Sacramento, 
San Francisco. Stockton and Marysville. 


39. OREGON. 

Square miles, 100,000. Population, 52,000. 
Oregon lies north of California, on the Paci¬ 
fic Ocean. It is mostly hilly or mountainous. 
A part of it consists of elevated plateaus. 





























74 


UNITED STATES. 


The climate is mild and healthy. The 
valleys are very productive. Wheat is the 
staple; but oats, barley, turnips, and most 
of the fruits of the Middle States flourish. 

Gold and coal have been discovered in 
Oregon. 

The forests abound with wild animals, 
such as deer, black and grizzly bears, elks, 
foxes, wolves, and antelopes, and the rivers 
are well stocked with fish. 

Salem, the capital, is pleasantly situated 
on the Willamette, in the midst of a fertile 
country. 



CASCADES OF THE COLCMDIA. 


Astoria^ on the Columbia, ten miles from 
its mouth, is the principal port of entry. 
Portland, at the head of ship navigation, on | 
the Willamette River, is the largest and 
most commercial town in Oregon. 

Questions. Where is Oregon situated ? What is 
said of the surface ? Climate ? Soil ? Productions ? 
Minerals? Animals? Salem? Astoria? Portland? 


TERRITORIES. 

The Territories of the United States com¬ 
prise that portion of the country not yet 


organized with state governments, and ad¬ 
mitted into the confederacy as states. They 
are mostly thinly settled, or in a wild state. 

A portion have territorial governments, 
and send delegates to Congress. Some of 
them arc rapidly increasing in population 
and wealth, and will soon be organized as 
states, and admitted into the Union. 

Questions. What constitutes the Territories ? 
What is their condition ? 


34. NEBRASKA. 

Square miles, 335,000 Population, 20,000. 

Nebraska includes a large tract of coun¬ 
try lying west of the Missouri River, and 
north of Kansas. 

The surface is principally a high prairie 
land. The climate is mild, and the soil, 
fertile, especially ni the river bottoms. 

The timber trees are black walnut, oak, 
and lime trees. 

The principal wild animals are grizzly 
bears, buffaloes and beavers. 

A great number of fossils have been 
found in this territory. 

Omaha City is pleasantly situated on the 
west bank of the Missouri River. 

Questions. What does Nebraska include? What 
is said of its surface? Climate? Soil? Timber 
trees ? Wild Animals ? Fossils ? Omaha City ? 


36. INDIAN TERRITORY. 

Square miles, 71,127. 

Indian Territory lies west’ of Arkansas, 
between Kansas and Texas. 

It is inhabited principally by Indians, 
many of whom removed from the Southern 
States east of the Mississippi. The Chero- 
kees. Choctaws, Creeks and Chickasaws are 
















UNITED 


the most improved of the aborigines, and 
are advancing in civilization. There are 
good schools and churches among them. 

Questions. Where is Indian Territory ? By 
whom is it principally inhabited? What is said of 
the Cherokees, &c. 


37. NEW MEXICO. 

Square miles, 210,000. Population, 93,000. 

New Mexico is south of Utah, between 
Texas and California. 

This territory is principally a high table 
land traversed by broken ranges of moun¬ 
tains, the most prominent of which is the 
Sierra Madre. 

The soil is generally sterile, except in the 
valleys of the rivers, which are productive, 
yielding large crops of wheat, Indian corn^ 
oats and barley, and apples, peaches, melons, 
and grapes. 

The minerals are gold, silver, iron, copper, 
lead, coal, and gypsum. 

The inhabitants are Indians, Mexicans, 
and Americans. 

New Mexico is a part of the tract acquired 
from Mexico, by the treaty of 1848. 

Santa Fe, the capital, is situated on the 
Santa Fe River, a branch of the Rio Grande. 
The houses are principally built of adobes, 
or sun dried bricks. Each house usually 
forms a square with a court within, upon 
which nearly all tlie apartments open. 
This town is the great emporium of the 
overland trade from Missouri and Kan¬ 
sas. 

Questions. Where is New Mexico situated ? 
What is its surface? Soil? Minerals? Inhabit¬ 
ants? When was New Mexico acquired? Describe 
Santa Fe. 


STATES. 


38. UTAH. 

Square miles, 188,000. Population, 40,000. 

Utah Territory is situated west of the 
Rocky Mountains, and is wholly in the in¬ 
terior. 

The eastern part is diversified with hills, 
mountains and fertile valleys. The west¬ 
ern portion, known as the Great or Fre¬ 
mont Basin, is an elevated table land hem¬ 
med in by mountains, with its own system 
of rivers and lakes. 

The climate of the plateau, in mid-sum¬ 
mer, is dry and hot, with cool mornings and 
evenings. The winters arc mild, and the 
temperature is generally more uniform 
than in the eastern states. 



WESTERN EMIGRATION. 


The greater part of the territory is barren 
and can not be cultivated with profit. Some 
of the valleys are fertile, and produce 
wheat, rye, oats, barley, and Indian corn. 

Gold has been discovered in eonsiderablo 













76 


Ux'^ITEDSTATES. | 


quantities; and salt is collected from the 
lakes. 

The most extensive lake is the Great Salt 
Lake. It is about seventy miles long and 
thirty wide, with no visible outlet. The 
water is so salt, that no living thing can 
exist in it. 

The Utah lake, about thirty-five miles 
long, is a fresh water lake stored with fish. 

It is connected with Great Salt Lake by 
the Jordan Kiver. The other principal 
lakes are the Pyramid, Humboldt and Ni¬ 
collet Lakes ; all of them without any visi¬ 
ble outlet. 

Most of the civilized inhabitants of the 
territory are Mormons. They are settled 
in a well-watered fertile district east of the 
Great Salt Lake. 

Fillmore City is the capital. 

Salt Lake City is situated near the east 
bank of the Jordan river. It was laid out 
in July, 1847. 

Questions. Where is Utah Territory ? What is 
said of the surface ? Climate ? Soil ? Minerals ? 
Great Salt Lake? Utah Lake? Other principal 
Lakes ? Inhabitants ? Salt Lake City ? 


40. WASHINGTON. 

Square miles, 207,732. Population, 12,000. 
j Washington Territory occupies the north- 
j west portion of the United States, lying on 
j the Pacific, with British America for its 
northern boundary. 

; The surface, soil and productions arc 
I similar to those in Oregon. The climate is 
I more variable. The liighest peaks of the 
mountains are covered with perpetual snow. 
Coal has been found. 

Olympia, the capital, is situated at the 
j head of Puget’s Sound. 



FORT TANCQUVEn. 


Questions. What does Washington Territory oc¬ 
cupy ? What is said of the surface, soil and produc¬ 
tions ? Climate ? What mineral is found ? AYhcre 
is Olympia ? 


41. DAKOTA. 

Square miles, 70,000. Population, 5,000, 

Dakota is a new territory lying west of 
Minnesota,- and bounded north by British 
America. 

Its surface is broken by mountains and 
valleys. The valleys are quite fertile and 
productive. 

In the northern part the climate is cold, 
and the winters severe; in the southern 
part it is more mild. 

The products are Indian corn, wheat, 
oats, barley, and potatoes. Timber is scarce 
in some parts of the territory. 

Coal has been found in several places. 

There are numerous salt lakes in the 
northern part, 

Yancton is the capital. 

Questions. Where is Dakota ? What is said of 
its surface ? Soil ? Climate ? Productions ? Coal ? 
Salt lakes ? Yancton ? 




V 

j 

I 


i 

i 


































MEXICO. 


42. COLORADO. 


Square miles, 150,000. Population, 34,000. 

Colorado lies between Kansas and Utah. 
Its surface is uneven, and, in some parts, 
mountainous. The Rocky Mountains pass 
through nearly the center of the terri¬ 
tory. 

The valleys of most of the rivers arc fer¬ 
tile blit much of the soil is unfitted for 
cultivation. 

Gold is produced in large quantities. 

Denver City is an important place, and 
has considerable trade. 

Questions. What is said of Colorado? Its sur¬ 
face ? The Rocky Mountains ? The valleys ? Gold ? 
Denver City ? 

43. NEVADA. 

Square miles, 175,000. Population, 7,000. 

Nevada is between Utah and California. 
Its surface is broken 
with mountains and 
valleys. Some of the 
latter are very fertile. 

The soil in the north¬ 
ern and western parts 
is sterile. 

The climate is mild 
and generally healthy. 

Wheat, barley, oats, 
potatoes, and fruits, 
are the chief vegetable 
products. 

It contains rich sil¬ 
ver mines. 

Carson City, the capital, is pleasantly 
situated in the Carson Valley. 

Questions. How is Nevada situated ? What is 
said of its surface ? Soil ? Climate ? Productions ? 
Silver mines ? Carson City ? 


77 


MEXICO. 

Square miles, 850,000. Population, 7,662,000. 

Mexico occupies the southern portion of 
North America, and comprises twenty-two 
states, one federal district, and five territo¬ 
ries. 

It has in general a very elevated though 
broken surface; and is traversed by the 
Sierra Madre, or the southern portion of 
the Rocky Mountains. 

The shores are low, hot, and unhealthy; 
the table lands, mild and salubrious; the 
mountainous districts are cold. 

There are some barren tracts, but most 
of the soil is very fertile, producing the 
grains and fruits of the temperate zone, 
and, in the lowlands, the most valuable 
tropical products. 

Indian corn, wheat, sugar, coffee, tobacco, 
and the American aloe, or maguey plant, 
are the chief vegetable productions. 


Agriculture, manufactures and commerce, 
are all much neglected. 

The gold and silver mines of Mexico are 
exceedingly rich, and constitute its chief re¬ 
source. Iron, copper and lead are abundant. 


, - r 



''’VX-Ce 

THE GREAT SQUARE AND CATHEDRAL, MEXICO. 





























78 C E N T R A L 


The inhabitants consist of whites, Indians, 
and mixed races. The mass of them are 
ignorant and insubordinate. The Roman 
Catliolic is the prevailing religion. 

Mexico was conquered by the Spaniards 
under Cortez, in 1521. It remained a Span¬ 
ish province until 1821, when it became a 
republic. The government is very unset¬ 
tled. 

When the Europeans discovered Mexico, 
it was inhabited- by partially civilized but 
warlike Indians, the most civilized of which 
were called Aztecs. 

Many monuments of their arts still re¬ 
main, the most remarkable of which is the 
Pyramid of Cholula, on which was the 
“ Temple of the Sun,” where were offered 
thousands of human sacrifices. 

Mexico, the capital, is a large and wealthy 
city, situated in a delightful valley, 7000 
feet above the level of the sea. It is regu¬ 
larly laid out, has spacious streets, and 
contains many costly cathedrals and other 
buildings. 

Guanajuato and Zacatecas are large 
cities, chiefly important for their rich silver 
mines. Puebla is a handsome city, con¬ 
taining a few manufactures. Vera Cruz, 
the principal seaport and commercial town, 
is situated on the Gulf of Mexico. Its har¬ 
bor is strongly fortified by the castle of Juan 
de Ullua, which was captured by the United 
States in 1847. 

Questions. Where is Mexico situated ? What does 
it comprise ? Describe its surface. Climate. Soil. 
What are its chief productions? What is said of 
agriculture, manufactures and commerce ? Of mines ? 
The inhabitants? Religion? Of the history of 
Mexico? By whom was it inhabited when discov¬ 
ered? What still remain? Describe the city of 
Mexico. Guanajuato and Zacatecas. Puebla. Vera 
Cruz. 


AMERICA. 


3. BAIilZE. 

Square miles, 15,000. Population, 11,000. 

Balize, or British Honduras, is situated 
east of Yucatan. Its shores are studded 
with numerous small islands; along the 
coast, the land is swampy, and in the inte¬ 
rior, wooded. The soil of the valleys is 
fertile. 

The climate is moist, but not unhealthful. 

The productions arc sugar, cotton, coffee, 
and indigo. Mahogany, logwood, and other 
dye-woods, are exported. 

It is a Britieh Colony. 

Balize, the capital, is inhabited princi¬ 
pally by blacks, and has considerable trade. 

Questions. How is Balize situated ? What is said l 
of its shores? Soil? Climate? Productions? To ' 

whom does it belong ? Describe Balize. • | 


Square miles, 200,000. Population, 2,150,000. 

Central America is the most southern por- ^ 
tion of North America. It is a mountain- | 
ous country, abounding with elevated plains ] 
and numerous volcanoes. The climate is i 
extremely warm on the coast. In the into- j 
rior, it is temperate and salubrious, rcsemb- 
ling perpetual spring. The soil is rich, and 
yields choice fruits and other tropical pro- i 
ducts in great abundance; mahogany is also 
found here in large quantities. : 

The forests are very extensive and con- ; 
tain many kinds of trees fatal to animal 
life. 

Central America includes the five states 
of Guatimala, San Salvador, Honduras, Nic- ^ 
aragua and Costa Rica. These were for a 
time associated in a confederation, similar 
to that of the United States, but this being 

* See Map .-md Key of North America. 











WEST INDIES. 


79 


dissolved in 1839, the different states, though 
nominally republican, have since been in 
reality ruled by a succession of military des¬ 
pots. Attempts have been made to form 
other and partial confederations, whose du¬ 
ration, when formed, has been short. 

The population consists of three classes; 
whites and Creoles; Mestizoes, or the de¬ 
scendants of whites and Indians; and abo¬ 
riginal natives. 

San Salvador is situated on a small 
stream which flows into the Pacific Ocean. 
It stands in a well watered vale, several 
thousand feet above the Pacific. It has 
greatly suffered by earthquakes, and was 
nearly destroyed by one in 1854. 

Guatimala, the capital of the state of 
Guatimala, is pleasantly situated in a rich 
and spacious plain. It contains upwards of 
sixty richly ornamented churches and several 
public offices. It has a flourishing trade. 


Questions. How is Central 
America situated ? What is said 
of its surface ? Climate ? Soil ? 
Productions ? Forests ? What 
does it include ? Describe its gov¬ 
ernment. Population. San Sal¬ 
vador. Guatimala. 


smallest are mere islets formed of coral 
reefs, and uninhabited. 

The winters are mild and pleasant. The 
heat of summer is extreme, though moder¬ 
ated by the mountains and sea-breezes. 

Some of these islands are well-watered by 
mountain streams, and are remarkablyfertile, 
yielding cotton, sugar, maize, coffee, spices, 
medicinal plants, dye-stuffs, and a great vari¬ 
ety of fruits, as oranges, lemons, pine-apples, 
bread-fruit, tamarinds, and citrons. Cuba, 
Ilayti and Jamaica belong to this class. 

The forests abound with mahogany, cedar, 
and lignum-vitaB. The commerce is impor¬ 
tant and very flourishing. 

The West India Islands are divided into 
the Greater and Lesser Antilles, Caribbee 
and Bahamas. All of them are subject to 
various European powers, except Hayti. 


GREATER ANTILLES. 


WEST INDIES.* 

Square miles, 91,800. 

Population, 3,800,000. 

The West India Islands 
are a numerous group lying 
in the torrid zone, between 
North and South America. 

The larger islands are traversed by ranges 
of mountains; others contain isolated peaks, 
many of which are volcanic; while the 

* See Map and Key of North America. 



THE EXCHANGE, HAVANA. 

Cuba is the largest of the West India 
Islands, and lies at the entrance of the 
Gulf of Mexico. 

The nortliern part is generally level and 
has rich valleys and plains. The central 























80 


WEST INDIES. 


and southern portions are more diversified 
and in some parts, mountainous. 

The productions are tobacco, cotton, su¬ 
gar,* eoflcc, and tropical fruits. 

Havana, the capital, is the most impor¬ 
tant city in the West Indies. It has a 
secure and commodious harbor. 

Malanzas is an important commercial 
town, and has a flourishing trade with the 
United States. 

Cuba belongs to Spain. 

Jamaica is about ninety miles south of 
Cuba. A chain of mountains crosses the 
"island from east to west. 

Its productions are the same as those of 
Cuba. 

The capital is Spanish Town. 

Kingston is the chief commercial city. 

The island belongs to Great Britain. 

Hayti, or St. Domingo, lies east of Cuba. 

The center of the island is mountainous. 
The soil is fertile, the climate hot, and 
during most months of the year, unhcalth- 
ful to foreigners. 

Coffee and cotton are the chief articles 
of export. Mahogany is abundant. 

Porto Rico lies east of Hayti. The sur¬ 
face is varied and well-watered. The soil 
is fertile, and the climate fine and salu¬ 
brious. 

The principal productions are sugar and 
coffee. 

St. Johns is the capital, and principal 
sea-port. ^ 

This island belongs to Spain. 

The Lesser Antilles consist of a num¬ 
ber of small islands, which lie off the coast 
of South America. 


I 

The Caribbee Islands lie between the 
Caribbean Sea and tlie Atlantic Ocean, 
and extend from Porto Rico to South 
America. 

The northern arc called the Leeward, and 
the southern, the Windward Isles. 

The Bahamas lie north-east of Cuba, and 
are supposed to number about five hun¬ 
dred. 

Many of them are simply coral rocks, not 
inhabited. The surface of most of the 
islands is level, and the soil sandy. 

The principal product is cotton. Indian 
corn, and the fruits and vegetables of trop¬ 
ical regions are produced on many of the 
islands. Salt is also exported. 

Nassau, the capital, is on the island of 
New Providence. 

These islands belong to Great Britain. 

Questions. Where are the West India Islands? 
Describe their surface. Climate. Soil. What are 
their productions ? With what do the forests abound ? 
What is said of their commerce ? IIow are they di¬ 
vided ? To whom subject ? 

Which is the largest ? What is said of its surface ? 
What are its productions ? Describe Havana. Ma- 
tanzas. To whom does Cuba belong? 

IIow is Jamaica situated? What is said of its 
mountains? Productions? What is its capital? Its 
commercial city ? To whom does Jamaica belong ? 

Where is Hayti ? AVhat is said of it ? Its ex¬ 
ports ? 

Describe Porto Rico. Surface. Soil and Climate. 
What are its productions? Describe St. Johns. 

To whom does Porto Rico belong ? 

What are the Lesser Antilles ? Where are the Ca¬ 
ribbee Islands ? Where arc the Bahamas ? What are 
many of them ? What is said of their surface and 
soil ? What are the products ? What is exported ? 
Describe Nassau. To whom do these islands be¬ 
long? 




















UNITEDSTATES. 81 


GENERAL QUESTIONS ON THE UNITED STATES. 


IIow arc the United States bounded? What 
states border on British America ? On the Atlantic 
Ocean ? Which are the Gulf States ? What states 
border on the Pacific ? What states are bounded on 
the west by the Mississippi River? What states 
have no sea coast? 

Where are the White Mountains ? Green Moun¬ 
tains? Ozark Mountains? Mention the principal 
peaks of the Rocky Mountains. Of the Cascade 
Mountains. 

Where is the St. Lawrence River ? In what direc¬ 
tion does it flow ? Describe the Connecticut River. 
The Hudson. Susquehanna. Potomac. Ohio. Sa¬ 
bine. What are the principal rivers flowing into the 
Gulf of Mexico? Where does the Mississippi river 
rise ? What are its principal tributaries ? What 
rivers west of the Rocky Mountains ? 

Where is Lake Superior ? Lake Michigan ? Lake 
Champlain? Lake Pontchartrain ? Great Salt Lake ? 

Where is Massachusetts Bay ? Chesapeake Baj" ? 
Tampa Bay ? Jlobile Bay ? Galveston Bay ? Gulf 
of Georgia? Florida Strait? Albemarle Sound? 
Long Island Sound ? Strait of Juan de Fuca ? 

Where is Nantucket ? Long Island ? Cape Cod ? 
Cape May ? Cape Charles ? Cape Hatteras ? Cape 
Mendocino ? 

Between what parallels of latitude are the United 


States? What is the latitude of Albany? New 
York? Philadelphia? Washington? New Orleans? 
Chicago ? San Francisco ? What longitude from 
Greenwich is Washington?* Boston? Philadelphia? 
St. Louis ? San Francisco ? 

Which of the United States are mostly mountain¬ 
ous ? Which states have a level surface ? What is 
the climate of the New England States ? Of Louis¬ 
iana? Of Texas? Of California? 

What states produce corn ? Of what states is 
wheat a staple production ? Tobacco ? Cotton ? 
Rice ? Sugar ? What are the staple productions of 
Ohio ? Kentucky ? Texas ? Iowa ? 

In what states is iron found ? Coal ? Gold ? Sil¬ 
ver? Lead? Copper? Locate the principal gold 
mines in the United States ? 

Which state has the greatest amount of commerce ? 
Which are the principal manufacturing states? 
Which is the largest city in the United States ? 
Which is the largest city in the Western States? 
Which are the principal Atlantic sea ports ? What 
ports on the Gulf of Mexico ? On the great Lakes ? 
On the Pacific Ocean ? Through what waters would 
a vessel pass in going from St. Louis to New York ? 
What is the principal natural curiosity of the Middle 
States? Of the Western States? Of the Southern 
States. 


GENERAL QUESTIONS ON MEXICO AND THE WEST INDIES. 


IIow IS Mexico Bounded ? What is its Capital ? 
What Mountains in Mexico? What Volcano? Bound 
Balize. 

Where is the river Santander? Tula? Grande? 
Yaqui ? Lake Chapala ? What Gulf east of Mexico ? 
■Where is the Bay of Campeachy ? Honduras ? Te¬ 
huantepec? 

In what direction from Florida is Cuba? The Ba¬ 
hamas? In what direction from Cuba is Hayti? 
Jamaica? In which direction is Cuba the longest? 
Where is Cape Catoche? Cape San Antonio? Cape 
San Lucas? 


What is the latitude of Cuba ? The City of Mexi¬ 
co ? In what zone is Cuba ? In what zones is Mexi¬ 
co ? What is the climate of Mexico ? Of the West 
India Islanas ? 

What are the productions of Mexico? Of the 
West India Islands? Where is mahogany found? 
Coffee ? What minerals in Mexico ? 

Describe Jamaica. The Bahamas. Who inhabit 
Mexico? Central America? What is said of the 
government of Mexico? Central America? West 
Indies ? 

i Describe the city of Mexico. San Salvador. Havana. 


* The figures at the top of the Map miirk the longitude from Greenwich. 



































































































SOUTH AMERICxV. 

SQUARE MILES, 6,500,000. POPULATION, 18,000,000. 


KEY TO MAE NO. 5. 


STATES, CAPITALS AND CHIEF TOWNS. 

1 New Granada, l Bogota, 2 Aspinwall, 3 Cartha- 

gena, 4 Santa Marta, 6 Mompox, 

6 Socorro, 7 Honda, 8 Popayan, 9 
Panama. 

2 Venezuela, l Caracas, 2 Coro, 3 Valencia, 4 La 

Giiayra, 5 Cumana, 6 Bolivar City, 

7 Trujillo, 8 Maracaybo. 

3 Guiana, l Georgetown, 2 New Amsterdam, 3 

Paramaribo, 4 Cayenne. 

4 Brazil, l Rio Janeiro, 2 Macapa, 3 Para, 4 

Maranham, 5 Parnahiba, 6 Aracati, 
7 Pernambuco, 8 Bahia or St. Sal¬ 
vador, 9 Espirito Santo, 10 San 
Paulo, 11 Porto Alegre, 12 Rio 
Grande, 13 Diamantina, 14 Cuyaba, 
15 Matto Grosso, 16 Barra, 17 San- 
tarem. 


5 Paraguay, l Assumption, 2 Concepcion, 3 Curu- 
guaty, 4 Villa Rica, 5 Neembucu. 


OCEANS, SEAS, GULFS AND BAYS. 

1 Atlantic Ocean, 

2 Pacific Ocean, 

3 Caribbean Sea, 

4 Gulf op Darien, 

5 Gulp of Venezuela, 

6 Gulf op Paria, 

7 PiNZON Bat, 

8 Bat of A.ll Saints, 

9 Paranagua Bat, 

10 Blanco Bat, 

11 St. Matthias Bat, ; 

12 Bat op St. George, 

13 Queen Adelaide’s Archipelago, 

14 Archipelago de Mad re de Dios, 

15 Gulf of Penas, 

16 Chonos Archipelago, 

17 Gulf op Guattecas, 

18 Concepcion Bat, 

19 Gulf of Guataquil, s 

20 Bat of Choco, 

21 Bat of Panama. 

■ 


0 Uruguay, 
7 Argentine 


8 Patagonia. 

9 Chili, 

10 Bolivia, 

11 Peru, 


12 Ecuador, 


1 Montevideo, 2 Maldonado. 

Republic, 1 Buenos Atre's, 2 Cor- 
rientes, 3 Cordova, 4 Mendoza, 5 
Rioja, 6 Catamarca, 7 Tucuman, 
8 Santiago. 


1 Santiago, 2 Copiapo, 3 Huasco, 4 
Coquimbo, 5 Quillota, 6 Valparaiso, 
7 Concepcion, 8 Valdivia, 9 Castro. 

1 Chuquisaca, 2 La Paz, 3 Cochabam¬ 
ba, 4 Potosi, 5 Cobija. 

1 Lima, 2 Payta, 3 Caxamarca, 4 Tru¬ 
jillo, 6 Cerro Pasco, 6 Callao, 7 
Huamanga, 8 Cuzco, 9 Arequipa, 
10 Puno, 11 Arica. 

1 Quito, 2 Ibarra, 3 Guayaquil, 4 Rio- 
bamba, 5 Cuenca, 6 Loja. 


STRAITS. 

22 Maracatbo, 

23 Magellan, 

24 Le Maire. 


ISLANDS. 

25 CuRACOA, 

26 Buen Atre, 

27 Margarita, 

28 St. Vincent, 

29 Barbadoes, 

30 Grenada, 

31 Tobago, 

32 Trinidad, 

33 Joannes, 

34 Itamaraca, 

35 Abrolhos, 

36 St. Sebastian, 















I 


SOUTH AMERICA. 


87 

Cananea, 


LAKES. 

38 

St. Catharina, 

82 Maracaybo, 

89 

Falkland, 

83 Patos, 

40 

South Georgian, 

84 

Mirim, 

41 

Staten Land, 

85 

Ibera, 

42 

Terra del Fuego, 

86 

COLUGUAPE, 

43 

Hermit, 

87 

Bevedero, 

44 

Wellington, 

88 

PORONGOS, 

45 

Chiloe, 

89 

Titicaca, 

46 

Juan Fernandez, 

90 Reyes. 

47 

St. Feli^, 



48 

Lobos, 



49 

Puna, 


RIVERS. 

60 

Quibo, 

91 

Magdalena, 

61 

St. Anne. 

92 

Cauca, 



93 

Orinoco, 

\ 


94 

Apure, 


ISTHMUS AND CAPES. 

95 

Meta, 



96 

Guaviare, 

62 

Isthmus of Darien, 

97 

Caroni. 

63 

Gallinas, 

98 Essequibo, 

64 

Orange, 

99 

Demerara, 

56 

North, 

100 

Berbice, 

66 

St. Roque, 

101 

Surinam, 

67 

Frio, 

102 

Marowyne, 

68 

St. Antonio, 

103 

Oyapok, 

59 

CORRIENTES, 

104 

Amazon, 

60 

Blanco, 

106 

Trombetas, 

61 

Horn, 

106 

Aniba, 

62 

Pillar, 

107 

Negro, 

63 

Blanco, 

108 

Branco, 

64 

San Lorenzo, 

109 

Cassiquiark, 

65 

San Francisco. 

110 

Uaupes, 



111 

Caqueta, 



112 

Putumayo, 

MOUNTAINS AND DESERTS. 

113 

Napo, 

66 

Parima, 

114 

Huallaga, 

67 

Pacaraima, 

115 

UCAYALE, 

68 

Acarat, 

116 

Javary, 

69 

Brazilian, 

117 

JutAY, 

70 

Vulcan, 

118 

JURUA, 

71 

Andes, 

119 

Purus, 

72 

Aconcagua, 

120 

Madeira, 

73 

Gualateiri, 

121 

Beni, 

74 

Illimani, 

122 

Mamore, 

75 

SORATA, 

123 

Guapai, 

76 

Chuquibamba, 

124 

Guapore, 

77 

Cotopaxi, 

126 

Topajos, 

78 

Chimborazo, 

126 

Akinos, 

79 

Tolima, 

127 

Tres Barras, 

80 

Geral, 

128 

XiNGU, 

81 

Desert of Atacama. 

129 

Para, 






















S 0 U T II A M E R I 0 A. 85 

130 Tocantins, 

145 CUYABA, 

131 Araguay, 

146 PlLCOMAYO, 

132 R. DAS Mortes, 

147 Vermejo, 

133 Gcrcpi, 

148 Salado, 

134 Maranham, 

149 Tercero, 

135 Parnahiba, 

160 Salado, 

136 St. Francisco, 

151 Ddlce, 

137 Paraiuba, 

152 Colorado, 

138 Rio de la Plata, 

153 Rio Negro, 

139 Urugcat, 

154 Camarones, 

140 Parana, 

165 Port Desire, 

141 Tiete, 

156 Chico, 

142 Paranaiba, 

167 Santa Cruz, 

143 Paraguay, 

158 Biobio, 

144 Tacuari, 

159 Desagdadero. 

QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA. 

BounDj South America. How many square miles 

CAPES. 

has it ? Inhabitants V What is its latitude ? Long- 

Which is the most northern cape ? 53. Which is 

itude ? In what zones does it lie ? 

the most eastern? 56. Southern? 61. Western? 63. 

How many States has South America ? Name them. 

What four capes has Brazil ? 64-57. What two has 

The capital of each. Bound each state. What states 

the Argentine Republic? 58, 69. What cape at the 

border on the Pacific Ocean ? The Atlantic Ocean ? 

western extremity of Terra del Fuego ? 62. What 

The Caribbean Sea ? AYhich state has no sea coast ? 

two capes has Ecuador ? 64, 65. 

What state entirely west of the Andes ? Which is 


the largest state in South America ? 

MOUNTAINS. 


What mountains between Guiana and Brazil ? 67, 

OCEANS, GULFS, BAYS, &c. 

68. In the south-eastern part of Brazil? 69. What 

What ocean east of South America? 1. West? 2. 

in the western ? 80. What chain of mountains ex- 

What sea north ? 3. What bay south of the Isthmus 

tends the whole length of South America ? 71. Men- 

of Darien? 21. What gulf north? 4. What gulf 

tion the principal peaks. 72-79. 

north of Venezuela? 6. What three bays on the 


coast of Brazil? 7-9. What three bays on the At- 

LAKES. 

lantic coast south of Brazil? 10-12. 

What lake in Venezuela? 82. What two lakes in 

What archipelagoes on the west coast of Patago- 

the southern part of Brazil ? 83, 84. What lakes in 

nia ? 13, 14, 16. What two gulfs on the west coast of 

the Argentine Republic ? 85, 87, 88. What lake in 

Patagonia? 15, 17. AVhat gulf on the coast of Ecu- 

the southern part of Peru ? 89. 

ador ? 19. What bay on the west coast of New 


Granada? 20. 

$ 

RIVERS. 


What river in New Granada flows into the Carib- 

ISLANDS. 

bean sea? 91. What river in Venezuela flows into 

What islands north of Venezuela? 25-32. What 

the Atlantic? 93. Which is the largest river in South 

island at the mouth of the Amazon ? 33. What five 

America? 104. Mention its principal branches. 107, 

islands near the coast of Brazil ? 34-38. What islands 

115, 119, 120, 125, 128. What river flows into the 

east and south of Patagonia ? 39-43. What west ? 44, 

Atlantic about 11° south latitude? 136. What at 

45. West of Chili? 46, 47. What island west of 

about 35° south latitude? 138. Mention its principal 

Peru ? 43. South of the Isthmus of Darien ? 50. 

tributaries. 139, 140. 


















DESCRIPTIVE 

South America is avast triangular penin¬ 
sula, occupying the southern half of the west¬ 
ern continent. Its greatest length is 4800 
miles, and its greatest breadth, 3230 miles, 
and it contains 6,500,000 square miles. 

It is naturally divided into three great 
sections, the eastern, or table lands of Bra¬ 
zil; the middle, or valley of the Amazon, 
La Plata and Orinoco; and the western, or 
mountainous districts of the Andes. 

It is distinguished for its lofty moun¬ 
tains, majestic rivers and extensive plains. 
Though partly in the Torrid Zone, the cli¬ 
mate is not excessively hot, but usually 
mild and salubrious. The soil is much of 
it fertile. 

The elevated plains and mountain decliv¬ 
ities abound with the fruits and vegetables 
of the temperate zone, and the lower re¬ 
gions yield all the most valuable tropical 
products. 


GEOGRAPHY. 

The vegetation of this country is unsurpas¬ 
sed in its luxuriance and beauty. In many 
places winter is unknown, and the hills and 
valleys are clothed with constant verdure. 

The potato, maize, cocoa, vanilla, and 
many other useful plants, are found in their 
native state. The dense forests contain ex¬ 
cellent timber, and remain in their primitive 
grandeur, 

It is rich in mineral productions, among 
which are gold, silver, copper, iron, lead, 
and precious stones. 

The most ferocious animals of South 
America are the puma, jaguar and ocelot. 
Tlie sloth, ant-eater, armadillo, tapir, and 
antelope, are numerous. The lama, alpaca, 
and vicuna are useful animals, 

A variety of monkeys is found, and birds 
of the most superb plumage. The condor, 
the largest bird of flight, inhabits the snowy 
solitudes of the Andes. 






































SOUTH AMERICA. 


87 


Vultures, harpies, eagles, toucans, orioles, 
and parrots, abound. There are numerous 
insecds and reptiles. The serpents and alli¬ 
gators are of monstrous size. 

The domestic animals were imported from 
Europe. They have multiplied so rapidly 
as to relapse into a wild state, and now 
roam the country in vast herds. 

South America was first visited by Co¬ 
lumbus in 1498. Soon after, the Spaniards 
and Portuguese conquered the native In¬ 
dians, and made numerous settlements. 

These settlements or provinces remained 
subject to Spain and Portugal until the 
present century, when they threw off the 
yoke and became republics. 

South America comprises the following 
divisions, viz.. New Granada, Venezuela, 
Guiana, Brazil, Paraguay, Uraguay, Argen¬ 
tine Republic, Patagonia, Chili, Bolivia, 
Peru, and Ecuador. 

Questions. What is South America ? How divided ? 
For what distinguished ? What is the climate ? Soil ? 
What are the products of the different sections? 
What is said of the vege¬ 
tation ? What plants are 
found in their native state ? 

What can you say of the 
Minerals ? M’ild animals ? 

Domestic animals ? Of the 
discovery and settlement 
of South America? What 
farther of the provinces ? 

Name the divisions. 


1. NEW GRANADA. 

Square miles, 480,000. •Population, 2,360,000. 

New Granada is traversed by three ranges 
of the Andes, and contains several lofty 
peaks. The scenery among these moun¬ 
tains is extremely grand and beautiful. 


The lower tracts are hot and unhealthy. 
Tliey abound with the most valuable tropical 
products. The elevated plains on which 
most of the inhabitants reside, are cool and 
salubrious. 

Cocoa, coffee, sugar, tobacco, indigo, hides, 
Brazil and dye woods,are the principal arti¬ 
cles of cultivation and commerce. 

It has rich mines of gold and silver, also 
precious stones. 

The country is in many parts so nigged 
as to render the construction of roads im¬ 
practicable. Travelers are carried in a chair 
by persons hired for that purpose, or on 
mules. 

Rope iiridges, on which the inhabitants 
pass with ease, are thrown over the chasms. 

The Panama railroad, about fifty miles in 
length, extends across the isthmus from As- 
pinwall to Panama. 

Bogota, the capital, is a handsome town, 
situated in the interior, on an elevation, a 
mile and a half above the level of the sea. 
The streets are narrow but regular. 



CARTHAGENA. 


Carlha^ena has a fine harbor, and an ex¬ 
tensive trade. Aspinwall^ on the north, and 
Panama^ on the south side of the isthmus 
of Darien, are the principal ports. 

Questions. How many square miles has New Gra- 

































1 88 SOUTH AMERICA. 


nada ? What is the population ? Surface ? Climate ? 
What are the chief articles of cultivation and com¬ 
merce ? In what is it rich ? What is said of roads 
and travelers ? Bridges ? Railroad ? Describe Bo¬ 
gota. Carthagena. Aspinwall and Panama. 


2. VENEZUELA. 

Square miles, 426,000. Population, 1,400,000. 

[ Venezuela, in the northern part, is trav- 
I ersed by the Andes. The southern portion 
j comprises the vast fertile plains of the Ori- 
j noco and its branches. 

The climate is extremely hot in the low- 
j lands, but temperate in the higher regions. 
The soil is very rich, yielding large crops of 
sugar, tobacco, coffee, cotton, and the trop- 
j ical fruits. 

1 The plains or llanos are covered -with tall 
coarse grass, on which graze numerous herds 
of cattle, horses and mules. 

Caracas, the capital, is situated in a pleas- 
I ant valley, and is subject to earthquakes. It 
I was nearly destroyed in 1812, with 12,000 of 
! its inhabitants. It has since been rebuilt. 

! La Guayra has an important commerce. 
Cumana and Angostura are places of some 
trade. 

The Island of Margarita belongs to Vene¬ 
zuela. 

Questions. What is the number of square miles 
in Venezuela ? The population ? What is said of the 
surface? The climate? Soil and productions? 
Plains? What animals are found in great numbers ? 
Describe Caracas. La Guayra, Cumana, and An¬ 
gostura. What island belongs to Venezuela? 


3. GUIANA. 

Square miles, 163,000. Population, 214,000. 
Guiana is a level, fertile country, belong¬ 
ing to the English, Dutch and French. It 
has two dry seasons and two wet seasons in 


a year. In the dry seasons the climate is 
agreeable. 

The principal productions are sugar, cof¬ 
fee and maize. Cayenne pepper and cloves 
are largely exported from Cayenne. 

The inhabitants consist of foreign resi¬ 
dents, aboriginal tribes and negroes; the 
latter constituting the majority. 

Georgetown, the capital of British Gui¬ 
ana, at the mouth of the Demerara river, is 
regularly built. Its streets are broad, mostly 
with canals in the middle, communicating 
with each other and the river. The low, 
swampy position of the city renders it un¬ 
healthy. 

Paramaribo, the capital of Dutch Guiana, 
has a fine harbor, and is the center of trade 
for the colony. 

Cayenne, the capital of French Guiana, 
is situated on an island, and is noted for its 
pepper. 

Questions. Mention the number of square miles 
in Guiana. The population. Describe Guiana. Its 
climate. Name its chief products. What is said of 
the inhabitants ? Georgetown ? Paramaribo ? Cay¬ 
enne ? 


4. BRAZIL. 

Square miles, 3,000,000. Population, 6,500,000. 

Brazil is an extensive country, comprising 
nearly the whole of the valley of the Ama¬ 
zon, and the country lying on the coast south 
of it as far as latitude 32°. 

It abounds with majestic rivers, extensive 
plains, and vast forests. A part of it con¬ 
tains low ranges of mountains. 

The climate is mild and salubrious in the 
elevated and southern sections, but hot and 
unhealthy near the equator. The soil is 
very fertile, and vegetation, exceedingly 
luxuriant. 




















SOUTH AMERICA. 


89 


Its staple productions are coffee and sugar, 
but cotton, rice, tobacco, maize, wheat, gin¬ 
ger, and yams, are found in great abundance. 
Oranges, lemons and bananas, grow luxuri¬ 
antly in some parts. 

It is also rich in mineral treasures, as gold, 
silver, diamonds, topaz, and other precious 
stones. 

Wild animals are very numerous, among 
which are enormous serpents, alligators, and 
birds of beautiful plumage. 

Immense herds of cattle, which are hunted 
for their hides and horns, graze on the plains. 
Horses and mules are numerous in the south. 


Agriculture is the leading pursuit. There 
are few manufactures. It has considerable 
commerce. Sugar, cotton, hides, horns, cof¬ 
fee, cabinet and dye woods, and gums, are 
among the chief exports. The government 
is a hereditary, constitutional monarchy. 

The inhabitants consist of Whites, Negroes, 
mixed races, and several savage tribes of In¬ 
dians. Labor in the fields and in the mines 
is performed principally by negro slaves. 

Free schools for teaching the rudiments 
of learning are established. 


The religion is Roman Catholic, but other 
religions are tolerated. 

Rio Janeiro, its capital, and the largest 
city in South America, has a very fine har¬ 
bor, an extended commerce, and several lit¬ 
erary institutions. It contains several public 
buildings, and is surrounded by varied and 
picturesque scenery. 

Para, Maranham, Pernambuco and Bahia 
are the other principal seaports. 

Questions. How many square miles has Brazil ? 
Inhabitants ? AVhat does it comprise ? With what 
abound? What is the climate? Soil? Name the 
chief products. Minerals. What is said of wild an¬ 
imals? Cattle? Agriculture and manufac¬ 
tures? Commerce? Exports? Government? 
Inhabitants? Schools? Religion? Rio Jan¬ 
eiro ? What are the other principal seaports ? 

5. PARAGUAY. 

Square miles, 84,000. Population, 300,000. 
Paraguay occupies the peninsula be¬ 
tween the Parana and Paraguay rivers. 

It is a small, level state, well watered 
and fertile. The climate is temperate 
and healthy, and the productions are 
various and valuable. 

Maize, rice, sugar, drugs, and tropical 
fruits abound; also matte, or Paraguay 
tea, used in South America as China tea is 
used in this country and in Europe. 

Large herds of wild cattle roam the plains, 
and birds of beautiful plumage live in the 
dense forests. 

Its inhabitants are chiefly civilized Indians, 
and descendants of Europeans, from Spain. 
They are generally intelligent and industri¬ 
ous. 

The government is a republic. The reli¬ 
gion, Roman Catholic. 

This state became independent in 1813, 






































90 


SOUTH AMERICA. 


and soon after was governed by Dr-Francia, 
who ruled under the title of Dictator, until 
his death, in 1840. 

lie very much improved the condition of 
the people, and secured to them peace and 
prosperity, while the neigliboring republics 
were unsettled and distracted. 

Assumption, the capital, is finely situated, 
but poorly built, and has considerable trade. 
Foreigners are now admitted, and commerce 
with other nations is encouraged. 

Questions. Paraguay has how many square miles ? 
What is the population? Describe it. Name the 
chief products. What abound on its plains and in 
its forests ? What is said of the inhabitants ? Gov¬ 
ernment ? Religion ? AVhat can you say of its his¬ 
tory ? Of Assumption ? 


6. URUGUAY. 

Square miles, Y5,000. Population, 120,000. 
Uruguay is a small state lying between 
the river Uruguay and the Atlantic. 


The principal productions are wheat, maize 
and beans. Melons are raised in abundance. 

Hides, horns and tallow arc its chief ex¬ 
ports. 

The government is republican. 

This republic, formerly known as the 
Banda Oriental, belonged to the United 
Provinces of Buenos Ayres. On account 
of its commercial facilities, Brazil laid claim 
to it; but after a protracted war both parties 
assented to its independence. 

]\IONTEViDEO, the capital, is situated on 
the Rio de la Plata, which is here eighty 
miles wide. It has a fine cathedral, a good 
harbor and an important trade. 

Questions. What is the number of square miles and 
the population of Uruguay ? Describe its situation. 
Surface, soil and climate. Mention its productions. 
Its exports. What is its Government? History? 
Describe Montevideo. 


7. ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

Square miles, 900,000. Population, 1,300,000. 



CATHEDRAL AT MONTEVIDEO. 


The surface is generally level, and the 
climate agreeable. The soil is fertile, but 
remains for the most part uncultivated. 


Tbe Argentine Republic occu¬ 
pies a section drained by the 
waters of the Paraguay and Col¬ 
orado. 

The northern part is moun¬ 
tainous and barren. The central 
and southern portions are fertile, 
and consist principally of immense 
plains called Pampas. These have 
few trees and are covered with tall 
grass that affords fine pasture. 

The plains are extremely warm; 
the coast and elevated tracts are 
cool. The climate is remarkable 
for its dryness. 

The productions are sugar, cotton, tobac¬ 
co, maize, wheat, and the various fruits of 
the temperate and torrid zones. 
































SOUTH AMERICA 


91 


It has rich mines of gold, silver, copper, 
iron, and coal. 

On the plains, are vast herds of horses and 
cattle, which are taken by the Indian with 
his lasso, a leathern thong. Deer, jaguar, 
and the American ostrich also abound. 

Wool, hides, horns, and tallow, are the 
chief articles of export. 

The government is nominally a republic, 
but the president, or director, possesses in 
reality the pow'ers of a dictator. 

The religion is Roman Catholic. Educa¬ 
tion throughout the province is in a low state. 

This Republic became independent of 
Spain in 1816. It has taken, at different 
times, the names of the United Provinces 
of the Rio de la Plata, the Argentine Re¬ 
public, and Buenos Ayres. 

Buenos Ayres, the capital, is strongly 
fortified, and has an extensive commerce, 
somewhat impeded by the difficulty of nav¬ 
igating the La Plata. The houses are most¬ 
ly built of brick,and whitewashed. It con¬ 
tains fine public buildings, a good college 
well endowed, normal and other schools. 



PCnLIC SQUARE AT MENDOZA. 


Mendoza is well built and has an exten¬ 
sive trade with Chili, carried on by means 
of mules. 


Questions. Give the number of square miles in 
the Argentine Republic. Its population. Describe 
its situation. Surface. Climate. Name its products. 
Minerals. Animals. Articles of export. What is 
said of its Government ? Religion ? Education ? 
History? Names? Of Buenos Ayres? Mendoza? 


8. PATAGONIA. 

Square miles, 350,000. Population, 120,000. 



NATIVES OF PATAGONIA. 


Patagonia comprises the southern por¬ 
tion of the western continent, extending 
from the Atlantic to the Pacific ocean. 

The Andes pass through it, rendering 
its surface mountainous and rugged. 
The greater part of it is cold and barren, 
only a very small portion being under 
cultivation. 

Fish abound on the coast. 

It is thinly inhabited by independent 
tribes of Indians, who are said to be 
excellent horsemen. 

Questions. How many square miles and inhabit- 


























92 SOUTH A 


ants has Patagonia ? What does Patagonia comprise ? 
What is its surface and climate ? What abound on 
its coasts ? Who inhabit it ? 


9. CHILI. 

Square miles, 170,000. Population, 1,200,000. 

Chili is a long, narrow tract of land, lying 
between the Andes and the ocean. It has a 
mountainous surface, is subject to violent 
earthquakes, and has several volcanoes con¬ 
stantly burning. 



COSTCMES OF THE CHILIANS. 


The climate is equable and very salubri¬ 
ous. Numerous mountain streams, which 
flow into the Pacific, fertilize the soil, espe¬ 
cially in the southern part, where it is pro¬ 
ductive ; the northern part is barren. 

Fruits, grains, and vegetables, are abun¬ 
dantly raised, but the rearing of cattle is the 
most important branch of industry. 

Mines of gold, silver, and copper, are ex¬ 
tensively worked. 

The Chilians are courteous, humane, and 
industrious. 

The general government is administered 
by a president elected for five years. He is 


MERIC A. 


assisted by a council of eight members. The 
legislature consists of two houses, the Sen¬ 
ate and House of Deputies. 

The established religion is Roman Catho¬ 
lic. Other religions are tolerated. 

Chiloe and its adjacent islands, also those 
of Juan Fernandez, belong to Chili. Juan 
Fernandez is celebrated as the residence of 
Alexander Selkirk, a Scotch sailor. His 
adventure gave rise to the story of Robinson 
Crusoe. 

Santiago, the capital, is beautifully situ¬ 
ated. 

Valparaiso^ its port, has a fine harbor, and 
an extensive trade with Europe, the United 
States and China. Quillota has remarkably 
rich mines of copper. Valdivia and Coquim- 
bo possess good harbors. 

Questions. What is the area of Chili ? Popula¬ 
tion ? Surface ? Its climate and soil ? What is said 
of fruits, grains, &c. ? The rearing of cattle ? Mines ? 
Chilians? Government? Religion? What islands 
belong to Chili? What can you say of Juan Fernan¬ 
dez? Santiago? Valparaiso? Quillota? Valdivia 
and Coquimbo? 


10. BOLIVIA. 

Square miles, 375,000. Population, 1,700,000. 

Bolivia is an extensive republic situated 
north of Chili and the Argentine Republic, 
and west of Brazil. 

The surface is mountainous and greatly 
elevated. The climate is generally temper¬ 
ate. 

Rye, maize, potatoes, cotton, rice, indigo, 
and cocoa, are the chief productions. 

This country is noted for its valuable mines 
of gold and silver. The silver mines of Po- 
tosi are the richest in the world. They were 
discovered by Hualpo, a Peruvian Indian, in 
1545, while climbing a mountain in pursuit 













SOUTH AMERICA, 


93 


of some goats. Laying hold of a shrub to 
assist his ascent, it was torn up by the roots, 
exposing the silver beneath. 

Bolivia was a Spanish province till 1825, 
when it achieved its independence under 
General Bolivar, from whom it derives its 
name. 

The constitution, which was drawn up for 
the new state by him, and adopted by con¬ 
gress in 1826, makes ample provision for 
personal and political liberty, securing reli¬ 
gious toleration and the freedom of the 
press. 

The religion is Roman Catholic. 



THE GRAND PLACE AT CHGQCISACA. 

Chuquisaca, the capital, has a university 
and several fine buildings. 

Potosi is situated 13,000 feet above the 
level of the sea, in a region cold and barren, 
but rich in silver mines. Cochabamba has 
considerable trade in grain and fruits. 

Questions. What is the area of Bolivia? Popula¬ 
tion ? What is said of its situation ? Surface ? Climate ? 
Productions ? For what is it noted ? Who discovered 
its mines? When and under whom did it become in¬ 
dependent? What is said of the government? Re¬ 
ligion ? Describe Chuquisaca. Potosi. Cochabamba. 


11. PERU. 

Square miles, 400,000. Population, 2,300,000. 

Peru is an irregular country, traversed 
by two ranges of the Andes. On the coast 
the climate is very hot, and the soil arid. 
The table lands have a cool climate and 
fertile soil. 

The chief productions are cotton, maize, 
sugar, coffee, and Peruvian bark. There are 
also rich mines of gold, silver, and mercury, 
or quicksilver. 

Agriculture and manufactures are neg¬ 
lected. 

The country is almost destitute of roads 
and bridges. Transportation is 
carried on principally by means 
of lamas and mules. 

A railroad between Lima and 
Callao has been completed, and 
another from Arica to Tacna has 
been commenced. 

The native Peruvians were a 
peaceable race, who understood 
agriculture and the arts, and 
worshiped the sun. 

The present inhabitants are 
supposed to be about one-half 
Indians, one-fourth white per¬ 
sons, or Creoles, and the rest colored people 
of mixed breeds. 

The Peruvians achieved their independ¬ 
ence in 1824. They possess a good degree 
of enterprise, wealth and refinement. 

The government is popular and repre¬ 
sentative. The president is elected for six 
years. 

The dominant religion is Roman Catholic 
but other creeds are tolerated, 

Lima, the capital, is a wealthy city, re¬ 
markable for its magnificent public build- 






















94 


SOUTH AMERICA. 



THE CONVENT OF SAN FRANCISCO, LIMA. 


ings. It has several manufactories, and a 
large trade through the port of Callao. 

Cuzco, was the capital of the ancient Pe¬ 
ruvian empire, and the residence of the 
Peruvian Incas. It was founded by Manco 
Capac, the first Inca of Peru, in 1043, and 
contains numerous elegant palaces and tem¬ 
ples. In 1534 it was taken by the Span¬ 
iards, under Pizarro, who cruelly put to 
death the reigning Incas, and pillaged the 
city. 


It is remarkable for its lofty 
mountains, elevated plains and 
varied climate. Vegetation is 
luxuriant, and the forests are 
covered witli perpetual green. 

All the tropical fruits abound. 
Cocoa, rice, pepper, sugar-cane, 
Indian corn, cotton, wheat, and 
liarley, are also produced. 

Earthquakes and violent tem¬ 
pests are frequent. 

Some of the most elevated 
peaks of the Andes are found in 
this country; among which arc 
Mount Chimborazo and the vol¬ 
canoes Cotopaxi and Pichincha. 


Questions. What number of square miles has 
Peru ? Inhabitants ? Describe its surface, climate 
and soil. What are its productions ? What is the 
Slate of agriculture and manufactures ? What is said 
of roads and bridges ? What can you say of its in¬ 
habitants 2 When did Peru become independent? 
What is said of the government? Religion? Lima? 
Cuzco ? 


The form of government is republican, 
witli a president and vice-president as the 
head. 

The religion is Roman Catholic. 
Education is in a very backward state. 


12. ECUADOR. 

Square miles, 240,000. Population, 020,000. 
Ecuador is situated on the coast of the 
Pacific, north of Peru, and directly under 
equator. 



CATHEDRAL AT GUAYAQUIL. 

Quito, the capital, is a beautiful city, built 
on the side of a volcano, 8000 feet above 
the level of the sea. It is well built and has 
several handsome squares. Eleven snoiv- 
capped inountains may be seen from the city. 


































SOUTHAM ERICA. 95 


Guayaquil lias a fine harbor and an ex¬ 
tensive commerce. It is well laid out and 
has some good public edifices; but it is 
mostly built of wood, on low ground, and 
is ill supplied with water. 


How is South America bounded ? What is its gen¬ 
eral form ? In which direction is it the longest ? 
What divisions border on the Caribbean Sea ? What 
on the Atlantic Ocean ? What on the Pacific ? Which 
division has no sea coast ? Which is the largest di¬ 
vision ? Which is the smallest ? 

What range of mountains extends the whole length 
of South America ? Mention the principal peaks of 
the Andes. In what state are the highest peaks ? 
What other mountains in South America? What 
states are mostly level ? 

Which are the three largest rivers of South Amer¬ 
ica ? In what direction does each flow ? Why are 
there no large rivers flowing into the Pacific ? What 
are the principal tributaries of the Orinoco ? Of the 
Amazon ? Of the La Plata ? Where is Lake Mara- 
caybo ? Lake Titacaca ? Into what does the river 
Dulce flow ? 

Where is the gulf of Darien ? The gulf of Vene¬ 
zuela? The gulf of Guayaquil? The bay of All 
Saints ? Blanco Bay ? The bay of St. George ? The 
bay of Panama ? Straits of Maracaybo ? Straits of 
Magellan ? 

Where is the island of Curacoa? Trinidad? Jo¬ 
annes ? Where are the Falkland Islands ? South 
Georgian ? Where is Terra del Fuego ? Chiloe ? 
Juan Fernandez? Cape Gallinas? Cape St. Roque? 
Cape Frio ? Cape Horn ? Cape Blanco ? 

What is the latitude of Cape Gallinas ? Cape 
Horn? Of the island of Juan Fernandez? Of the 
mouth of the Amazon ? Of the mouth of the Ori¬ 
noco ? Of the mouth of the La Plata ? Of Quito ? 
Rio Janeiro? Buenos Ayres? Lima? 

What is the longitude from Greenwich of the Isth¬ 
mus of Darien ? Of Cape St. Roque ? Of Bogota ? 


Questions. Number of square miles in Ecuador ? 
Population? Describe its situation. Surface. Veg¬ 
etation. Productions. To what is it subject ? What 
is said of its mountain peaks ? Government ? Reli¬ 
gion ? Education ? Describe Quito ? Guayaquil. 


ON SOUTH AMERICA. 

Of Rio Janeiro ? Chuquisaca ? The mouth of the 
Amazon ? The mouth of the Orinoco ? 

What countries of South America are crossed by 
the equator ? What by the Tropic of Capricorn ? In 
what zones is South America ? What countries are 
in the Torrid Zone ? What in the South Temperate 
Zone ? In which zone is vegetation most luxuriant ? 
What, besides distance from the Equator, affects the 
climate of the countries of South America ? 

Which division of South America has the coldest 
climate? In what divisions is the climate very 
warm ? What divisions have a temperate climate ? 
Wliat are the seasons in Guiana ? What is the gen¬ 
eral character of the soil in the valleys of the north¬ 
ern and middle countries ? What are the vegetable 
productions of New Granada and Venezuela? In 
■what country is ginger produced ? From what coun¬ 
try is Cayenne pepper exported ? In what countries 
are coffee and sugar found ? Cotton ? What country 
exports dye woods and gums? In what countries 
are there large numbers of cattle ? 

Where is gold found? Silver? Copper? Mer¬ 
cury ? In what country are the richest silver mines ? 
Where are diamonds found? What is the govern¬ 
ment of Brazil ? Of most of the other countries ? 
What is the prevailing religion in South America ? 

Which is the largest city in South America ? What 
has it? How is Bogota situated? What are the 
principal sea ports in South America? For what is 
Lima remarkable? What has Chuquisaca? What 
does Buenos Ayres contain ? How is Quito situated ? 
In what direction from New York is Rio Janeiro ? 
How would you sail from Buenos Ayres to San Fran¬ 
cisco, Cal. ? How is transportation carried on in 
Peru? How,do people travel in New Granada? 


GENERAL QUESTIONS 















9^15 . I 
\fiz liC/lG 


sio 












































































































































EUROPE. 

SQUAKE MILES, 3,800,000. POPULATION, 270,000,000. 


KEY TO MAE NO. G 


COUNTRIES, CAPITALS, CHIEF TOAVNS. 

1 Norway, 1 Christiania, 2 Drontheini, 3 Koiiigs- 

burg, 4 Bergeu. 

2 Sweden, 1 Stockholm, 2 Gefle, 8 Fahluu, 4 Upsal, 

* 6 Kalmar, 6 Carlscroua, *7 Gothcu- 

burg. 

3 Hussia, 1 St. Petersburg, 2 Archangel, 3 Kasan, 

4 Saratov, 5 Astrakhan, 6 Sevasto¬ 
pol, 7 Kherson, 8 Odessa, 9 Ismail, 
10 Kiev, 11 Minsk, 12 Vilua, 13 
Riga, 14 Revel, 15 Abo, 1C Cron- 
stadt, 17 Novgorod, 18 Yaroslav, 
19 Tver, 20 Moscow, 21 Kalooga, 
22 Orel, 23 Smolensk. 

HUSSIAN PROVINCES. 

4 Lapland, 1 Kola, 2 Tornea. 

5 Poland, 1 Cracow, 2 Warsaw, 3 Lublin. 

6 Austria, 1 A'^ienna, 2 Prague, 3 Brunn, 4 Olmutz, 

5 A\''ieliczka, 6 Bochnia, 7 Lemberg, 
8 Cronstadt, 9 Hermanstadt, 10 
Temcsvar, 11 Agram, 12 Ragusa, 
13 Cattaro, 14 Trieste, 15 Lay bach, 
16 Gratz, 17 Liutz, 18 Presburg, 
19 Buda, 20 Pesth, 21 Debreczin. 

7 Turkey, 1 Constantinople, 2 Belgrade, 3 AVidin, 

4 Bucharest, 5 Brahilov, 6 Jassy, 
7 Silistria, 8 Shoomla, 9 Varna, 10 
Adrianople, 11 Gallipoli, 12 Seres, 
13 Salonica, 14 Larissa, 15 Arta, 
16 A'anina, 17 Scutari, 18 Bosna- 
Serai, 19 Sophia. 

8 Greece, l Athens, 2 Corinth, 3 Nauplia, 4 Trip- 

olitza, 6 Patras. 

ITALY, OR ITALIAN STATES. 

9 Sardinia, 1 Turin, 2 Milan, 3 Parma, 4 Modena, 

10 Venice, 5 Florence, 8 Alantua, 9 A^'erona, 

11 Parma, -J 10 Padua, 11 Venice, 24 Leghorn, 

12 Modena, 

13 Tuscany, 


14 States of the Church, 6 Rome, 12 Bologna, 13 

San Alarino, 14 Ancona. 

15 Kingdom of Naples, 7 Naples, 15 Bari, 16 Ta¬ 

ranto, 17 Reggio, 18 Messina, 19 
Catania, 20 Syracuse, 21 Trapani, 
22 Palermo, 23 Salerno. 

10 France, 1 Paris, 2 Brest, 3 Rennes, 4 Cher¬ 
bourg, 5 Caen, 6 Havre, 7 Rouen, 
8 Calais, 9 Lille, 10 Amiens, 11 
Rheims, 12 Metz, 13 Nancy, 14 
Strasburg, 15 Dijon, 16 Lyons, 
17 Bastia, 18 Ajaccio, 19 Toulon, 
20 Marseilles, 21 Montpelier, 22 
Toulouse, 23 Bayonne, 24 Bor¬ 
deaux, 25 Nantes, 26 L’Orient, 
27 Angers, 28 Tours, 29 Orleans, 
30 Troyes, 31 St. Etienne, 32 Li¬ 
moges. 

17 Spain, 1 Madrid, 2 Compostela, 3 Corunna, 4 

Ferrol, 5 Gijon, 6 Bilbao, 7 Bar¬ 
celona, 8 Tortosa, 9 A’'alcncia, 10 
Alicante, 11 Murcia, 12 Cartagena, 
13 Granada, 14 Malaga, 15 Gibral¬ 
tar, 16 Cadiz, 17 Seville, 18 Cor¬ 
dova, 19 Badajos, 20 Toledo, 21 
Salamanca, 22 Leon, 23 A'aHadolid, 
24 Burgos, 25 Saragossa. 

18 Portugal, 1 Lisbon, 2 Braga, 3 Oporto, 4 Coim¬ 

bra, 5 Elvas, 6 Evora, 7 Setubal. 

1 London, 2 Newcastle, 3 York, 4 Hull, 
6 Norwich, 6 Cambridge, 7 Dover, 
8 Portsmouth, 9 Southampton, 10 
Plymouth, 11 Bristol, 12 Birming¬ 
ham, 13 Liverpool, 14 Manchester, 
15 Leeds, 16 Shefiield. 

1 Caernarvon, 2 Merthyr Tydvil, 3 Car¬ 
digan. 


19 England, 


20 Wales, 


25 Genoa, 26 Nice, 27 Sassari, 28 


CagliarL 


21 Scotland, l Edinburgh, 2 Wick, 3 Inverness, 4 
Aberdeen, 5 Dundee, 6 Perth, 7 
Paisley, 8 Glasgow. 




















EUROPE. 


99 


22 Ireland, l Dublin, 2 Londonderry, 3 Belfast, 4 

Waterford, 5 Cork, 6 Limerick, 7 
Galway, 8 Sligo. 

23 Belgium, 1 Brussels, 2 Ghent, 3 Antw'erp, 4 

Liege. 


24 Holland, 1 Hague, 2 Amsterdam, 3 Groningen, 
4 Rotterdam. 


25 Denmark, l Copenhagen, 2 Elsinore, 3 Flens* 

V 

borg, 4 Sleswick. 

26 Prussia, l Berlin, 2 Stettin, 3 Colberg, 4 Dant- 

zic, 5 Konigsberg, 6 Memel, 7 
Thorn, 8 Posen, 9 Breslau, 10 
Liegnitz, 11 Halle, 12 Magdeburg, 
13 Potsdam, 14 Elberfield, 15 Co¬ 
logne, 16 Aix la Chapelle. 

27 German States, l Frankfort, 8 Bremen, 9 Ham¬ 

burg, 10 Lubeck.* 

28 Mecklenburg, 2 Schwerin. 

29 Hanover, 3 Hanover, 11 Gottingen. 

30 Saxony, 4 Dresden, 12 Leipsic. 

31 Bavaria, 5 Munich, 13 Nuremburg, 14 Augsburg. 

32 Wirtemburg, 6 Stuttgart, 15 Ulm. 

33 Baden, 7 Carlsruhe, 16 Manheim. 

34 Switzerland, l Berne, 2 Basel, 3 Zurich, 4 Ge¬ 

neva. 


OCEANS, SEAS, GULFS AND BAYS. 

1 Atlantic Ocean, 

2 Arctic Ocean, 

3 White Sea, 

4 Onega Gulf, 

6 Tcheskaya Gulf, 

6 Caspian Sea, 

7 Azof Sea, 

8 Black Sea, 

9 Gulf of Burgas, 

10 Sea of Marmora, 

11 Archipelago, 

12 Mediterranean Sea, 

13 Adriatic Sea, 

14 Gulf of Taranto, 

15 Gulf of Genoa, 

16 Gulf of Lyons, 


17 Bay of Biscay, 

18 Galway Bay, 

19 Donegal Bay, 

20 Irish Sea, 

21 North Sea, 

22 Murray Firth, 

23 Firth of Forth, 

24 ZuYDER Zee, 

25 Baltic Sea, 

26 Gulp of Riga, 

27 Gulf of Finland, 

28 Gulf of Bothnia, 

29 Faxe Bay, 

30 Brede Bay. 


' STRAITS AND CHANNELS. 

31 Skager Rack, 

32 Cattegat, 

33 The Sound, 

34 Strait of Yenikale, 

35 Channel of Bosporus, 

36 Strait of Dardanelles, 

37 Strait of Otranto, 

38 Strait of Messina, 

39 Strait of Bonifacio, 

40 Strait of Gibraltar, 

41 English Channel, 

42 Strait of Dover, 

43 Bristol Channel, 

44 St. George’s Channel, 

45 North Channel. 


ISLANDS. 

46 Iceland, 

47 Loffoden Islands, 

48 SOROE, 

49 Mageroe, 

60 Cyprus, 

61 Rhodes, 

62 SCARPANTO, 

63 Samos, 

64 Scio, 

66 Mitylene, 

66 Stalimni, 

67 Negropont, 

68 Cyclades, 

69 Candia, 


6 


* Frankfort, Bremen, Hamburg and Lubeck, are free cities. 























100 


EUROPE. 


Ionian Islands, 

60 Cerigo, 

61 Zante, 

62 Cephalonia. 

63 Corfu, 

64 Sicily, 

66 Malta, 

66 Lipari Islands, 

67 Elba, 

68 Corsica, 

69 Sardinia, 

70 Minorca, 

71 Majorca, 

72 Itica, 

73 Jersey, 

74 Guernsey, 

75 Wight, 

76 Sc ILLY Islands, 

77 Great Britain, 

78 Ireland, 

79 Anglesea, 

80 Isle of Man, 

81 Hebrides Islands, 

82 Orkney Islands, 

83 Shetland Islands;, 

84 Faroe Islands, 

85 Zealand, 

86 Funen, 

87 Laaland, 

88 Falster, 

89 Rugen, 

90 Bornholm, 

91 Oland, 

92 Gothland, 

93 Oesel, 

94 Dago, 

96 Aland. 


PENINSULAS. 

96 Crimea, 

97 Morea. 


CAPEa 

98 North, 

99 SVIATOI, 

100 Matapan, 

101 Spartivento, 

102 Passako, 

103 Teulada, 


104 Corso, 

106 San Martin, 

106 Palos, 

107 Gata, 

108 Trafalgar, 

109 St. Vincent, 

110 Finistere, 

111 Ortegal, 

112 La Hague, 

113 Land’s End, 

114 Clear, 

115 Wrath, 

116 The Naze. 


MOUNTAINS. 

117 Scandinavian, 

118 Ural, 

119 Caucasus, 

120 Carpathian, 

121 Balkan, 

122 Alps, 

123 Mount Blanc, 

124 Apennines, 

125 Mount Vesuvius, 

126 Mount ^tna, 

127 Sierra Nevada, 

128 Sierra Morena, 

129 Cantabrian, 

130 Montserrat, 

131 Pyrenees, 

132 Cevennes, 

133 Auvergne, 

134 Grampian Hills, 

135 Mount Hecla. 


LAKEa 

136 Wener, 

137 Wetter, 

138 Maelar, 

139 Purus, 

140 Sego, 

141 Vigo, 

142 Onega, 

143 Ladoga, 

144 Ilmen, 

145 Peipus, 

146 Platten Zee, 

147 Constance, 

148 Geneva. 

























EUROPE. 


101 


RIVERS. 

149 Drammen, 

150 Glommen, 

151 Klar, 

152 Dahl, 

153 IXDAL, 

154 Umea, 

155 Skelleftea, 

156 Lulea, 

157 Torxea, 

158 Keni, 

159 Onega, 

160 Dwina, 

161 SOOKHONA, 

162 VlTCHEGDA, 

163 Mezene, 

164 Petchora, 

165 OosA, 

166 Ural, 

167 Volga, 

168 Samara, 

169 Kama, 

170 Bielaya, 

171 VlATKA, 

172 Oka, 

173 Sera, 

174 Kooma, 

175 Terek, 

176 Kooban, 

177 Don, 

178 Manitch, 

179 Khoper, 

180 Donets, 

181 Dnieper, 

182 Desna, 

183 Fripets, 

184 Bog, 

185 Dniester, 

186 Danube, 

187 Pruth, 

188 Theiss, 

189 Drave, 

190 Save, 

191 Maritza, 

192 Po, 

193 Tiber, 

194 Rhone, 

195 Saone, 

196 Ebro, 

197 Guadalquivee, 

198 Guadiana, 

199 Tagus, 


200 Douro, 

201 Minho, 

202 Garonne, 

203 Dordogne, 

204 Loire, 

205 Seine, 

206 Meuse, 

207 Rhine, 

208 Weser, 

209 Elbe, 

210 Oder, 

211 Wartha, 

212 Vistula, 

213 Bug, 

214 Kiemen, 

215 Duna, 

216 Neva, 

217 VOLKHO, 

218 SvEER, 

219 Humber, 

220 Thames, 

221 Severn, 

222 Shannon. 


APBICA ON THE MAP OP EUROPE. 

COUNTRIES, CAPITALS AND CHIEF TOWNS. 

1 Morocco, 1 Morocco, 2 Rabat, 3 Mequinez, 4 Fez, 

2 Algiers, l Algiers, 2Oraii,3Constautinc,4 Bona. 

3 Tunis, 1 Tunis, 2 Kairwan. 

4 Beled el Jereed, i Tooggoort. 

6 Tripoli, 1 Tripoli, 2 Mesurata. 

6 Barca, 1 Derne, 2 Bengazi. 

7 Egypt, 1 Cairo, 2 Alexandria, 3 Rosetta, 4 

Damietta. 


ASIA ON THE MAP OP EUROPE. 

COUNTRIES AND CHIEF TOWNS. 

11 Persia, 2 Tabreez. 

12 Arabia, 6 Petra. 

13 Turkey, l Smyrna, 2 Brusa, 3 Trcbizond, 4 Erz- 

room, 5 Kars, 6 Diarbekir, 7 Mo¬ 
sul, 8 Bagdad, 9 Bassorah. 

14 Syria, l Aleppo, 2 Damascus, 3 Jerusalem, 4 

Beyroot. 




















102 


EUROPE. 


QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF EUROPE. 


Bound Europe. How many square miles has it i 
Inhabitants ? What is its latitude ? Longitude ? In 
what zones is it ? What are its principal political divi¬ 
sions? Which is the most Northern? Eastern? 
Southern ? W estern ? 

Bound Norway. Sweden. Russia. Austria. Tur¬ 
key. Greece. Italy. France. Spain. Portugal. 
England. Wales. Scotland. Ireland. Belgium. 
Holland. Denmark. Prussia. Germany. Switzer¬ 
land. Name the capitals of each. 

OCEANS, SEAS, BAYS AND GULFS. 

^Vliat ocean west of Europe ? 1. North ? 2. What 
sea in the north of Russia ? 3. North of Prussia ? 25. 
East of Great Britain? 21. West? 20. What sea 
separates Europe from Africa ? 12. What two seas 
south of Turkey ? 10, 11. What three south of Rus¬ 
sia ? 6-8. What bays west of Ireland ? 18, 19. What 
bay west of France? 17. 

What gulf north of Russia ? 5. What three gulfs 
west ? 26-28. What two gulfs south and west of Italy ? 
14, 15. What gulf south of France? 16. North of 
Holland? 24. 

STRAITS AND CHANNELS. 

What three channels at the entrance of the Baltic 
Sea? 31-33. What two channels between great Brit¬ 
ain and Ireland? 44, 45. What channel between 
England and France? 41. In the south-west of Eng¬ 
land? 43. 

What strait separates England from France ? 42. 
What strait is the entrance to the Mediterranean Sea ? 
40. What strait between the islands of Sardinia and 
Corsica ? 39. Sicily and Italy? 38. Italy and Turkey? 
37. What strait connects the Sea of Marmora and the 
Archipelago ? 36. The sea of Marmora and the Black 
Sea ? 35 The Black Sea and the sea of Azof? 34. 

ISLANDS. ■ 

What islands off the west coast of Norway ? 47, 48. 
What large island west of Norway ? 46. What group 
south-east of Iceland? 84. To what country do they 
belong? To Denmark. What islands north of Scotland? 
82, 83. What west ? 81. What islands in the Irish 
Sea ? 79, 80. What large island west of Great Britain ? 
78. What islands between England and France? 73- 
75. What islands between Sweden and Denmark ? 


85-88. AYhat islands in the Baltic Sea ? 89-95. AYhat 
three islands east of Spain ? 70-72. AYhat islands 
south of Italy ? 64, 66-69. AYhat island south of 
Sicily ? 65. To what government does it belong ? To 
England. AA^hat islands west of Greece? 61, 62. 
AYhat large island south of the Archipelago ? 59. AYhat 
two islands south of Turkey in Asia? 50, 51. 

PENINSULAS AND CAPES. 

AYhat peninsula south of Russia? 96. AYhich is 
the most northern cape of Europe ? 98. AA^hat cape 
south of Norway ? 116. South-west of England? 113. 
South of Ireland? 114. Of Portugal? 109. What 
two capes has Spain on the north-west? 110, 111. 
AYhat cape south of Greece ? 100. 

MOUNTAINS. 

AYhat mountains between Europe and Asia? 118. 
Between Norway and Sweden? 117. AA’hat mount¬ 
ains in Austria ? 120. Turkey? 121. Switzerland? 
122. Italy? 124. Spain? 127-130. France? 132, 133. 
AYhat mountains separate France and Spain? 131. 

AYhat volcano in Iceland ? 135. In Italy ? 125. 
Sicily? 126. 

LAKES. 

AYhat are the three principal lakes of Sweden? 
136-138. AYhat lakes has Russia ? 139-145. AYhat 
two lakes in Switzerland ? 147, 148. What lake in 
Austria? 146. 

RIA^ERS. 

AA'hat rivers flow into the Arctic Ocean? 163, 164. 
Into the AA'hite Sea? 159, 160. AYhat rivers of Russia 
flow into the Caspian Sea? 166, 167. Into the Sea of 
Azof? 177. Into the Black Sea? 181, 184, 185. 
AYhat river from Turkey flows into the Black Sea ? 
186. Mention its principal branches. 187-190. 
What two rivers in Italy? 192, 193. AA^'hat are the 
rivers of Spain and into what do they flow ? 196-201. 
AYhat are the principal rivers of France? 194, 202, 
204, 205. AYhat rivers flow into the North Sea ? 206- 
209. Into the Baltic Sea ? 210, 212, 214. AYhat river 
flows into the Gulf of Riga? 215. AA^hat rivers flow 
into the Gulf of Bothnia ? 152 -158. A\"hat river flows 
from Lake Ladoga to the Gulf of Finland? 216. 
What three rivers in England ? 219-221. AYhat river 
in Ireland ? 222. 











E (JROPE. 


103 



DESCRIPTIVE 

Europe is the least of the grand divisions 
in size, but the first, in social, political, and 
commercial importance. 

Numerous seas, gulfs and bays penetrate 
its coast; and the surface is agreeably di¬ 
versified with mountains, hills, valleys, and 
plains. 

The climate is cold in the north and east, 
generally temperate and healthful in the 
middle and west, and warm in the south. 

The soil is mostly fertile, producing the 
most important grains in the north, while in 
the south, the vine, olive, orange, lemon, and 
other tropical fruits, are found in abundance. 

Coal, iron, copper, lead, tin, zinc, mercu¬ 
ry, and salt, are abundant. Gold, silver and 
precious stones, are found in the Ural moun¬ 
tains. 

Europe has comparatively few wild ani¬ 
mals, but domestic animals thrive in great 
numbers and variety. 


GEOGRAPHY. 

Agriculture, manufactures and the arts 
are carried to a high degree of perfection, 
and its commerce is extensive. 

The population is chiefly of Caucasian de¬ 
scent, and great inequalities in society exist. 

The lower classes are often extremely 
ignorant and degraded, and the masses are 
unable to read and write. The nobility live 
in great luxury and often oppress the poor. 

In many of the European states, common 
schools are unknown, but universities and 
colleges abound, which are more liberally 
endowed with funds and libraries than those 
of our own country. 

Great improvements have been made in 
popular education during the present cen¬ 
tury. 

The Roman Catholic, Protestant and Greek 
are the prevailing religions. The govern¬ 
ments are chiefly monarchical. A few are 
small republics. 


























104 


EUROPE. 


The principal political divisions of Europe 
are Norway, Sweden, Russia, Austria, Tur¬ 
key, Greece, Italy or the Italian States, 
France, Spain, Portugal, England, Scotland, 
Ireland, Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Prus¬ 
sia, the German States, and Switzerland. 

Questions. What is the rank of Europe among 
the grand divisions ? What is said of its coast and 
surface ? Climate ? Soil ? What minerals are abun¬ 
dant ? What is said of the animals ? Agriculture, 
&c.? Population ? What is the condition of the peo¬ 
ple ? Of education ? What religions prevail ? Gov¬ 
ernment ? Name the principal political divisions. 


1. NORWAY. 

Square miles, 123,000. Population, 1,328,000. 



Norway is a rough, mountainous country, 
abounding with cataracts and precipices, and 
presents much romantic scenery. 

The winters are long and severe; the sum¬ 
mers short, and very hot. -The soil is rocky 
and barren, and but a small part of it suit¬ 
able for cultivation. 

Potatoes, barley, rye, and other kinds of 
grain, are raised, but the rearing of cattle, 
mining, and the manufacture of lumber, are 
the chief occupations of the people. 


Norway is rich in mines of lead, iron, 
copper, and silver. 

The Norwegians are well educated, frank, 
hospitable and industrious, manufacturing 
their clothing, furniture and tools. 

Norway has a legislature of its own, but 
is subject to Sweden. 

The Lutheran is the religion of the state 
and is professed by the great body of the 
people. 

Education is very generally diffused; in¬ 
struction is gratuitous, and children are 
required to attend school. 

Norway was united with Sweden in 1814. 

Christl\nia, the seat of government, has 
a picturesque situation and a fine harbor. 

It is regularly laid out and built 
wholly of stone and brick. 

Drontheim was the residence 
of the ancient kings, and is one 
of the most northern towns in 
Europe. 

Bergen has a good harbor, and 
is surrounded by mountains on 
the land side. 

Questions. How many square miles 
has Norway? Inhabitants ? What is its 
surface ? Climate ? Soil ? What can 
you say of its products and pursuits? 
Mines? The Norwegians? Government? 
Religion ? Education ? When was Nor¬ 
way united with Sweden? Describe Christiania. 
Drontheim. Bergen. 


2. SWEDEN. 

Square miles, 170,000. Population, 3,482,000. 

Sweden is situated east of Norway, and 
with it forms the peninsula of Scandinavia. 

It has in general a level surface, and is 
diversified by numerous beautiful lakes and 
rivers. The climate is cold but healthy. 



















EUROPE. 


105 


The soil is light, and a part of it only, 
capable of cultivation. It produces rye, 
barley, oats, and potatoes. 

The chief resonrces of the people are the 
forests, fisheries and mines. 

There are extensive mines of iron. Cop¬ 
per, silver and lead, are also found. 

The inhabitants are industrious, virtuous, 
and distinguished for their intelligence and 
independence. Prom the polish of their 
manners, they are called the French of 
northern Europe. 

The government is a limited constitutional 
monarchy. 

Great pains is taken in education, and its 
primary, grammar schools and universities 
are superior. 

The Lutheran religion is professed by the 
great body of the people, though other relig¬ 
ions are tolerated. 

Stockholm, the capital, is beautifully sit¬ 
uated between lake Maelar and the Baltic 
sea. It is built partly on the main land, and 


merce. Its royal palace is one of the finest 
buildings in Europe. 

Gothenburg is, next to Stockholm, the most 
important trading city of the kingdom. 

Questions. How many square miles has Sweden ? 
Inhabitants ? How is it situated ? What is said of 
its surface and climate ? Soil ? Productions ? The 
chief resources ? Its mines ? Inhabitants ? Govern¬ 
ment ? Education ? Religion ? Stockholm ? Goth¬ 
enburg ? 


RUSSIAN EMPIRE. 

The Russian Empire is the most extensive 
empire in the world, containing over seven 
millions of square miles, and sixty-five mill¬ 
ions of inhabitants. It embraces Russia in 
Europe, Russia in Asia, and Russian Amer¬ 
ica. 

Questions. What is the extent of the Russian 
Empire ? What does it embrace ? 


3. RUSSIA. 

Square miles, 2,142,000. Population, 60,000,000. 



THE ROYAL PALACE, STOCKHOLM. 


partly on several islands connected with each 
other and the main land by bridges. It has 
an excellent harbor, and considerable com¬ 


Bussia is a vast plain occupy¬ 
ing all the eastern part of Europe, 
and comprising more than one- 
half of it. It abounds with lakes, 
majestic rivers, and immense for¬ 
ests. 

The northern part is excessively 
cold, and only adapted to grazing. 
The other sections arc temperate, 
witli a fertile soil, producing 
abundantly,wheat, rye, oats, bar¬ 
ley, maize, potatoes, flax, hemp, 
hops, and various kinds of fi'uits. 

Iron, copper, salt, gold, platina, 
diamonds, and other precious 
stones, abound. 

Cattle and sheep are reared in great num¬ 
bers. 






































106 


EUROPE 



GENERAL VIEW OF THE KREMLIN, AT MOSCOW. 


]\ranufactiires and the arts are much en¬ 
couraged, and have rapidly improved within 
a few years. 

Russia has an extensive system of canals, 
and several railways are completed, or in 
progress. 

The traveling in the winter is principally 
by sledges drawn upon the snow. 

The inland commerce of Russia is exten¬ 
sive, but its foreign commerce is limited, 
many of its harbors being frozen over most 
of the year. Tallow, wheat, hemp, flax, 
flaxseed, timber, and leather, are the chief 
exports. 

The inhabitants belong to the Caucasian 
and Asiatic races, and speak different lan¬ 
guages. The nobility are wealthy, and live 
in great splendor. 

The government is a military despotism, 
supported by an army of seven hundred 
thousand men. The emperor, styled the 
Autocrat of Russia, is at the head of both 
church and state. 

The established religion is that of the 
Greek church. 


St. Petersburg, the scat of government, 
is situated at the head of the Gulf of Fin¬ 
land. It was founded by Peter the Great, 
and from the extent and magnificence of 
many of its buildings, is called the city of 
palaces. It also contains many elegant 
churches. In commerce and science it is 
the first city in Russia. 

Moscoiv is a very populous city, abound¬ 
ing with beautiful palaces and gardens. It 
was burnt to the ground in 1812, to prevent 
the army of Napoleon from occupying it, 
but has been rebuilt with increased splen¬ 
dor. The Kremlin, or ancient citadel of 
Moscow, is surrounded by an immense 
white wall. 

Sevastopol is an important town and the 
principal naval station of Russia on the Black 
Sea. The forts were principally destroyed 
by the English and French in 1855. Odessa, 
on the Black sea, Riga, on the Baltic sea. 
Archangel, on the White sea, and Cronstadt, 
on an island in the gulf of Finland, are im¬ 
portant seaports. 































EUROPE. 


Questions. What is the number of square miles 
in Russia ? Inhabitants ? What is the surface ? 
Climate, soil and productions ? What is said of min¬ 
erals ? Cattle and sheep ? Manufactures ? Canals 
and railways ? Commerce and exports ? The inhab¬ 
itants? Government? The Emperor? Religion? 
St. Petersburg ? Moscow ? Sevastopol ? Odessa, 
Riga, Archangel and Cronstadt ? 


HUSSIAN PROVINCES. 

4. LAPLAND. 

Lapland is a dreary, mountainous region, 
lying at the extreme northern part of Europe, 
and belongs principally to Russia, but a por¬ 
tion of it to Sweden and Norway. 

It is intensely cold, and covered with snow 
two-thirds of the year. Yegetation is scanty, 
but minerals are abundant. 

The Laplanders are a small hardy race, 
and rude in their customs. They live in 
huts, in the center of which they build fires, 
while the smoke escapes through a hole at 
the top. 

The reindeer, of which they own great 
numbers, draw them over the snow in 
sledges; while their milk and flesh supplies 
them with food, and their skins and horns, 
with clothing and household furniture. 

Tornea and Kola are the chief towns. 

Questions. What is Lapland ? Its climate ? Veg¬ 
etation ? What can you say of the Laplanders ? The 
reindeer ? Tornea and Kola ? 


5. POLAND. 

Poland, a once powerful country, was con¬ 
quered in 1795, and divided between Russia, 
Austria, and Prussia. 

The portion that fell to Russia was erected 
' into a kingdom in 1815, but seeking to re¬ 
gain its independence in 1830, it was com¬ 
pletely subdued. 


107 


The surface is almost a perfect level; the 
soil very fertile; and the inhabitants, as in 
Russia, divided into several grades. The 
Jews are very numerous and enjoy many 
privileges. 



CATHEDRAL AT CRACOW. 


Cracolu, the ancient capital of Poland, is 
now under the Austrian Government. It 
is celebrated for its magnificent cathedral, 
in which most of the Polish kings and illus¬ 
trious men are buried. 

Warsaw, the last capital of the kingdom 
of Poland, is the most important commer¬ 
cial city. It has many fine promenades and 
palaces. 

Questions. When was Poland conquered ? What 
occurred in 1815? In 1830 ? What is said of the 
surface and soil ? The inhabitants ? Describe Cra¬ 
cow. W arsaw. 


6. AUSTRIA. 

Square miles, 257,000. Population, 36,514,000. 
Austria is an extensive empire in Central 
Europe, embracing portions of ancient Ger¬ 
many and Poland. It ranks among the lead¬ 
ing states of Europe. 



























EUROPE. 


108 


It is generally mountainous, though there 
is a great variety of surface. 

The climate is very variable. 

The soil is good in the valleys and on the 
j* plains, hut is not well cultivated. 

' The productions are, in the north, wheat, 
rye, oats and barley; in the central and 
southern provinces, the vine, maize and 
olives, are produced. 

Various minerals, as gold, silver, iron, 
copper, quicksilver, lead, and salt, are found 
in great quantities. 

The commerce of Austria is limited, but 
its manufactures arc of considerable impor¬ 


tance. It has but a small extent of sea- 
coast. 

The inhabitants are chiefly Roman Cath¬ 
olics, and the body of them, though posses- 
ing a common education, much oppressed. 
Tlie government is intolerant, restraining 
' the liberty of the press and freedom of speech. 

The emperor has almost unlimited power, 
j Vienna, the capital, is situated in the 
! midst of a beautiful plain on the river Dan- 
! ube. It has many handsome buildings, and 
is the residence of great numbers of wealthy 
I noblemen. 


Prague is peculiar in its architecture, and 
from its domes has quite an oriental appear¬ 
ance. Pesth, on the left bank of the Dan¬ 
ube, is an important city. It is regularly 
laid out, and is the seat of the only univer¬ 
sity in Hungary. Debreczin has extensive 
manufactures of soap, tobacco pipe bowls 
and shoes. Trieste is the principal seaport 
of Austria. 

Questions. How many square miles in Austria? 
Inhabitants ? llow is it situated ? What does it 
embrace ? How does it rank ? What are its surface, 
climate and soil ? Productions ? What minerals are 
found ? What is said of commerce and manufactures ? 

The inhabitants ? Government ? Vienna ? 
Prague, Pesth, and Debreczin? Trieste? 


TURKISH, OR OTTOMAN EMPIRE. 

Turkey, or the Ottoman empire, 
comprises Turkey in Europe, Tur¬ 
key in Asia, and a large territory 
in Africa, including Tunis, Tripoli 
and Egypt, and their dependen¬ 
cies. 

It is ruled by the Sultan, or 
Grand Porte, whom the Turks im¬ 
piously style the “ Shadow of God ” 
—the “Brother of the Sun,” &c. 

Questions. What does Turkey comprise? How 
is it ruled ? 

7. TURKEY IN EUROPE. 

Square miles, 210,000. Population, 15,500,000. 

This eountry is situated on the west of 
the Black sea and sea of Marmora, and 
south of xVustria. 

It is beautifully diversified with moun¬ 
tains, plains and valleys; and the climate, 
though subject to extremes of heat and cold, 
is generally healthy. 

i The valleys are fertile, and yield in profu- 



VIEW or TRIESTE. 

















EUROPE. 


109 


sioii wheat, maize, rice, eotton, 
tobacco, and various fruits, but 
agriculture is badly conducted. 

Immense numl)ers of silk¬ 
worms are reared on the leaves 
of the mulberry. 

Manufactures are much neg¬ 
lected, and the commerce is 
chiefly in the hands of foreigners. 

Education and the arts receive 
little attention. 

Tlie Turks are a well formed 
race, but extremely haughty, 
grave and indolent. They are 
rigid Mohammedans, and very 
superstitious. Their customs and dress are 
unlike those of other Europeans. They 
wear turbans, and loose flowing robes, 
—sit on cushions, and dispense with knives 
and forks in eating. Bathing and smoking 
seem to be their favorite employments. 

The government has the charactei-istic 
features of an Asiatic despotism, but has 
been very much modified by the influence 
of European powers, and especially by that 
of the allied powers of France and England, 
whose armies occupied the country during 
the struggle with Russia in the war of 1854 
-56. 

Constantinople is the capital of the Otto¬ 
man Empire, and the residence of the Sultan. 
It is a strongly fortified, populous, and beau¬ 
tiful city, situated on the Bosporus, with 
considerable commerce. Its harbor, called 
the Golden Horn, is one of the most secure, 
Capacious and beautiful in the world. 

Adrianople, the former metropolis, is a 
flourishing city. 

Questions. How many square miles has Turkey 
in Europe ? Inhabitants ? What is its situation ? 
What is said of the surface and climate ? Soil and 



RUINS AT PHILIPPI. 

productions? What is said of manufactures and 
commerce? Education and the arts? Describe the 
Turks. Their customs, &c. Government. Constan¬ 
tinople. Adrianople. 


8. GREECE. 

Square miles, 18,500. Population, 1,002,000. 

Greece is a small kingdom south of Tur¬ 
key, comprising two peninsulas united by a 
narrow isthmus, and several islands. 

The surface is mountainous in the inte¬ 
rior, interspersed with fertile vales. There 
are a few small plains. 

The climate is mild but variable. Wheat, 
maize, rice, cotton, wool, silk, oil, and a 
variety of fruits, are produced. 

The Greeks are an active, brave and pol¬ 
ished people, possessing much genius and 
love of distinction. They have little learn¬ 
ing, but are adepts in cunning and in¬ 
trigue. 

Schools and colleges have recently been 
established, and the inhabitants seem desir¬ 
ous of improvement. 

The government is a hereditary monarchy. 
A constitution was granted in 1844. 























110 


EUROPE. 


The Greek church is the religion estab¬ 
lished by law. 

For several centuries the Greeks were in 
subjection to the Turks, who took every 
method to degrade and oppress them. In 
1820, they asserted their independence; and 
after a long and bloody contest, secured it 
through the mediation of England, France 
and Russia. 

Ancient Greece was one of tl;e most pow¬ 
erful empires in the world. Two thousand 
years ago it was the land of-song, and the 
seat of learning and the arts. Ruins of archi¬ 
tecture and sculpture still remain, and afford 
the artist many of his finest models. 

Athens, one of the most famous cities of 
antiquity, is the capital of modern Greece. 
Ruins of magnificent temples and theaters 
still exist, but they render the meanness of 
its present buildings only the more conspic¬ 
uous. 

Corinth, in remote times, was one of the 
most flourishing cities of Greece, and pro¬ 
verbial for its luxury. It is now an import¬ 
ant port, and its citadel and fortifications are, 
next to those of Nauplia, the strongest in 
Greece. Nauplia, is a strongly fortified sea¬ 
port in the Morea. 

Questions. How many square miles has Greece? 
Inhabitants? What does it comprise ? What is its 
surface? Climate? What are its productions ? What 
is the character of the Greeks ? What is said of edu¬ 
cation? Government? Religion? Of the subjection 
of the Greeks ? Their independence ? x\ncient Greece ? 
Ruins? Athens? Corinth? Nauplia? 


IONIAN ISLANDS. 

The Ionian Republic comprises the islands 
in the Ionian sea, west of Greece; and is 
under the protection of Great Britain. 
About half the surface is under cultiva¬ 


tion, yielding wheat, barley and other grains, 
wines, olive oil, and currants. 

The inhabitants number about two hun¬ 
dred thousand, chiefly Greeks and Italians, 
and are shrewd, active, and industrious. 

Corfu, on the island of Corfu, is the 
capital. 

Questions. What does the Ionian Republic com¬ 
prise? What can you say of the surface and pro¬ 
ductions ? Inhabitants ? Corfu ? 


ITALY, OR THE ITALIAN STATES. 

Square miles, 119,000. Population, 24,700,000. 

Italy is a celebrated country in the south 
of Europe and consists of a large peninsula 
and several islands. 

Its surface is varied; a range of mountains 
extending north and south nearly through 
the peninsula. Between the mountains are 
numerous fertile valleys, abounding in beau¬ 
tiful scenery. In the north is a large and 
fertile plain, very productive. 

It has an excellent climate; the atmos¬ 
phere is remarkable for its clearness. 

Agriculture is the leading pursuit. Wlieat, 
maize, rye, rice, oil, wine, silk, dates, almonds, 
figs, and oranges, are the chief products. 
Manufactures and commerce are in a lan¬ 
guishing condition. 

It is rich in mineral products, but has few 
metals except iron and lead. 

The Apennines furnish the beautiful mar¬ 
ble of Carrara. 

The Italians possess ardent feelings, lively 
imaginations, and much skill in music, paint¬ 
ing and sculpture; but are deplorably indo¬ 
lent, ignorant and superstitious. The Roman 
Catholic is the established religion ; and the 
clergy compose a considerable portion of the 
population. 






















EUROPE. 


Ill 




THE PONTE SANTA TRINITA cfcC., FLORENCE. 

Italy was once the seat of a mighty em¬ 
pire, and renowned in the arts and sciences. 
Monuments of its former wealth and mag¬ 
nificence are every where seen. 

In modern times, it has been subdivided 
into a number of independent kingdoms or 
states. The principal divisions have been 
the kingdom of Sardinia, the kingdom of 
Lombardy and Venice, the duchies of Parma 
and Modena, the grand duchy of Tuscany, 
the States of the Church, and the kingdom 
of Naples. 

The eastern part of the Lombardo Veni- 
tian kingdom is subject to Austria; the 
other states have been united under one 
government. 

Mount Etna, a burning volcano, is situated 
on the island of Sicily, and Mount Vesuvius, 
near the bay of Naples. 

Turin is situated in the midst of a fertile 
plain, and is remarkable for its neatness and 
regularity. 

Blilan is one of the most splendid cities 
in Italy. Its cathedral is a fine structure of 
pure white marble, containing 4000 statues. 

Florence is situated on the river Arno, 


and is celebrated for its 
beautiful fountains, 
churches, ])alaces, statu¬ 
ary, and paintings. 

Rome is situated on the 
Tiber and built on seven 
hills. It was once the me¬ 
tropolis of the renowned, 
ancient Poinan empire. 
It has been celebrated in 
modern times for the num¬ 
ber and grandeur of its 
fountains and churches. 
It contains the church of 
St. Peter, a magnificent 
temple, erected at an ex¬ 
pense of over eighty millions of dollars. 

Naples is located at the foot of Mount 
Vesuvius, on the north side of the bay of 
Naples. In beauty of situation, clearness 
of atmosphere, and mildness of climate, it 
is almost unrivaled. 


THE ASINELLI AND GAUISENDA TOWERS, BOLOGNA. 
















































112 


EUROPE. 


Bologna is noted for the lofty tower of 
Asinelli, and for the loaning tower of Gari- 
seiida. From the top of the former more 
than a hundred cities may be seen. 

Genoa is a commercial city pleasantly 
located on the gulf of Genoa. 

Questions. What is the number of square miles 
in Italy? Inhabitants? Of what docs it consi.st? 
What is its surface ? Climate ? What is said of agri¬ 
culture ? What are its chief products ? What is 
said of manufactures and commerce ? Minerals ? The 
inhabitants ? Religion ? The former condition of 
Italy ? How has it been subdivided in modern times ? 
What is said of the government? Of Mount Etna 
and Mount Vesuvius ? Describe Turin. Milan. Flor¬ 
ence. Rome. Naples. Bologna. Genoa. 


16. FRANCE. 

Square miles, 200,700. Population, 35,780,000. 
Prance is an important empire in the west 
of Europe, extending from the Mediterra¬ 
nean Sea to tlie Atlantic Ocean. 



HOTEL DE VILLE, PARIS. 


The surface is level in the north, consist¬ 
ing mostly of an extensive plain, but hilly 
and mountainous in the south. 


The soil is usually fertile, and the climate 
temperate and agreeable. 

It surpasses all the other countries of 
Europe in the variety of its agricultural 
products. 

The chief productions are wheat, rye, oats, 
barley, maize, potatoes, and grapes. The 
grape vineyards cover several millions of 
acres, and produce large quantities of 
wine. 

Agriculture is in an advanced state, and 
a chief pursuit. In the variety and value 
of its manufactures, France is only second 
to England; and its commerce is very ex¬ 
tensive. 

Its minerals are lead, iron, coal and salt. 

The French are very gay, social and polite, 
remarkable for their versatility and bravery, 
and extremely fond of amusements, espe¬ 
cially dancing. 

Public lil iraries and colleges are numerous; 
many of the French arc distinguished for 
their learning and science, 
and much progress has been 
made in common educa¬ 
tion. All religious sects are 
tolerated,but the people are 
chiefly Roman Catholics. 

T li e government was 
formerly one of the most 
powerful monarchies of Eu¬ 
rope. In the revolution of 
1848 it became republican 
in form, and in 1853 was 
changed to an empire. 

Paris, the capital, situ¬ 
ated on the river Seine, is 
noted for the number and 
elegance of its public buildings and gardens, 
and as tlie scat of literature, science and 
fashion. It is extensively engaged in man 



















































EUROPE. 


iifactures, and is celebrated for its mathe- ' 
matical and optical instruments. j 

Lyons is a populous, wealthy and commer¬ 
cial city, celebrated for its manufactures of 
silk, and gold and silver stuffs. Marseilles 
is the chief seaport on the Mediterranean. | 
Rouen is noted for its manufactures; Bor- \ 
(leaux, for its wines. Toulon and Brest are 
large naval stations. Havre has an exten¬ 
sive trade with the United States. 

To France also belongs the island of Cor- ; 
sica, in the Mediterranean sea. Ajaccio, on 
this island was the birth-place of Bonaparte. 

Questions. How many square miles has France? 
Inhabitants ? How is it situated ? What is said of 
its surface, soil and climate ? Products ? Agricul¬ 
ture, manufactures and commerce? Minerals? The | 
French ? The state of education ? The government ? 
Paris? Lyons? Marseilles? Rouen? Bordeaux? 
Toulon and Brest? Havre? Corsica? Ajaccio? 


The Spaniards are proud, friendly and 
brave; but ignorant, easily excited and 
revengeful. They are extremely fond of 
amusements, among which are dancing, 
music and bull-fights. In religion, they 
are Roman Catholics. 


ir. SPAIN. 

Square miles, 188,000. Population, 13,900,000. 

Spain occupies the larger part of the pe¬ 
ninsula in the south-west of Europe. 

Several ranges of mountains render its 
surface broken, and afford much wild and 
romantic scenery. 

The climate is warm on the coast, but sub¬ 
ject to great changes on the table lands. 
Tlie soil is varied. 

In the fertile regions, wheat, rice, maize, 
and barley, are produced, and various fruits 
flourish, particularly grapes, oranges, lem¬ 
ons, figs, and melons. 

The minerals are numerous and valuable, 
but at present little worked. They include 
gold,silver,quicksilver,copper, iron, and zinc. 

Manufactures and commerce are greatly 
neglected; and the people lack a spirit of 
enterprise and improvement. 


THE LEANING TOWER OF SAN FELIPE, SARAGOSSA. 

The government is a limited monarchy, 
and formerly possessed vast territories in 
North and South America. The only Amer¬ 
ican colonies now subject to Spain are Cuba, 
Porto Rico, and a few smaller "West India 
islands. Its dependencies in the Mediter¬ 
ranean are the Balearic islands. 

Madrid, the capital, is built on low and 
irregular sand hills, and is surrounded by a 
barren and extensive plain. It has several 
fine palaces, churches and public squares, 
but is almost destitute of manufactures and 
trade. 

Gibraltar, the most strongly fortified city 






































114 


EUROPE. 


ill the world, is situated at the southern 
extremity of Spain, on a bold rocky bluff. 
It has been in possession of the British since 
1705. Cadiz, on the island of Leon, is the 
principal seaport. Sarag'ossa is noted for 
the leaning tower of San Felipe. 


Questions. How many square miles has Spain? 
Inhabitants? How is it situated? What is said of 
its surface ? Climate and soil ? Productions ? What 
minerals are found ? What can you say of manufac¬ 
tures and commerce ? The Spaniards ? Government ? 
Madrid ? Gibraltar ? Cadiz ? Saragossa ? 


18. PORTUGAL. 

Square miles, 35,090. Population, 3,471,000. 
Portugal is situated in the south-western 
part of Europe. 


The Portuguese resemble the Spaniards 
in their characteristics, but the two nations 
have a deep rooted antipathy to each other. 
The government is a limited monarchy. 
The religion is Roman Catholic. 

Lisbon, the capital and principal seaport, 
is situated at the mouth of the river Tagus, 
and has considerable commerce. It has sev¬ 
eral fine public buildings and churches. 

Oporto is noted for its wines; Coimbra 
for its University; and Setubal for its man¬ 
ufacture of salt. 


Questions. What number of square miles in Por¬ 
tugal ? Inhabitants ? Where is it situated ? What 
is said of its surface and climate ? Soil and produc¬ 
tions? Manufactures and commerce? The Portu¬ 
guese ? Government ? Religion ? Lisbon ? Oporto, 
Coimbra, and Setubal ? 



THE SQUARE AND FOUNTAIN OF TOWERS AT BRAGA. 

It is beautifully diversified with hills and 
plains, and possesses a mild and agreeable 
climate. 

The soil is fertile, but agriculture is in a 
very backward state. Wheat, barley, oats, 
flax, rice, olives, oranges, lemons, and 
grapes, are the chief products. 

The manufactures are limited. The com¬ 
merce, formerly large, is now less extensive, 
and mostly in the hands of foreigners. 


THE BRITISH ISLES. 

Great Britain comprises Eng¬ 
land, Wales and Scotland; and 
with Ireland forms “The United 
Kingdom of Great Britain and 
Ireland,” also called “The Brit¬ 
ish Isles.” 

Its principal foreign possessions 
arc British America,West Indies, 
Cape Colony, a large part of India 
and Australia. These, with other 
colonies, united with the British 
Isles, form the British Empire. 


Great Britain is distinguished for the en¬ 
terprise and intelligence of its inhabitants, 
and is unrivaled in the extent of its manu¬ 
factures and commerce. 

The government is a limited and heredit¬ 
ary monarchy. 


Questions. What does Great Britain comprise? 
What are the principal possessions of the United 
Kingdom ? What does the whole form ? How dis¬ 
tinguished ? What is the government ? 


I 










































19. ENGLAND. 

Square miles 51,000. Population, 18,762,000. 

England comprises the southern portion 
of the island of Great Britain. 

It has a beautifully diversified surface and 
abounds with picturesque scenery. The cli¬ 
mate is mild, but damp, and the soil, though 
not naturally fertile, has been brought to a 
high state of cultivation, and yields the va¬ 
rious grains and vegetables in abundance. 

Coal, iron, copper, tin, lead, and salt, are 
found in large quantities. Several mineral 
and hot springs exist, to which throngs of 
invalids and fashionable people resort. 

England has carried agriculture to a very 
high state of perfection, and excels every 
other nation in the variety and value of its 
manufactures. 

It is densely populated, but striking differ¬ 
ences are seen in the character and social 
condition of its citizens. The nobility live 


[ in affluence and luxury,—the poor, often 
j in great want. As a nation, however, the 
English may be characterized as grave, hon¬ 
est, industrious, benevolent, and brave. 

The universities of England are numerous 
and distinguished; but many of the poorer 
classes are entirely destitute of instruction. 

I The religion is protestant, though all re¬ 
ligious sects have perfect freedom. 

London is the capital of the British Em¬ 
pire and the largest city in Europe. It is 
situated on the river Thames, and in wealth 
and commerce and its literary and benevo¬ 
lent institutions, it surpasses every other 
city on the globe. 

A number of beautiful bridges cross the 
Thames, and a tunnel forms a passage un¬ 
der the bed of the river. Many of its pub¬ 
lic buildings are very imposing structures. 
St. Paul’s Church is next to St. Peter’s at 
Rome, in point of magnificence. 


VIEW OF LONDON FROM GREENWICH PARK. 

































116 EUROPE. 


Greenwich, a borough and parish adjoin¬ 
ing London, contains the royal observatory 
from which the longitudes in all British 
charts are reckoned, and it has a magnifi¬ 
cent naval hospital, for the maintenance of 
wounded or unfortunate seamen. Green¬ 
wich park contains about two hundred acres 
of undulating and wooded land, and is a 
place much resorted to by the inhabitants 
of London. 


Liverpool, on the river Mersey, is the 
second commercial city, carrying on an im¬ 
mense trade with all parts of the world. 
Bristol is situated on the Avon, and has an 
extensive commerce. It was the first port 
in Britain, whence regular steam commu¬ 
nication with the United States was estab¬ 
lished. Birmingham is noted for its iron 
manufactures, and Manchester for its man¬ 
ufactures of cotton. Portsmouth and Ply¬ 
mouth are important naval stations. 

Questions. How many square miles has England ? 
Inhabitants ? What does it comprise ? What is the 
surface ? Climate ? Soil ? What is said of minerals 
and springs ? Of England in respect to agriculture 


and manufactures ? Its citizens ? How may the Eng¬ 
lish be characterized? What is said of education? 
Religion ? London ? Greenwich ? Liverpool ? Bris¬ 
tol? Birmingham and Manchester? Portsmouth 
and Plymouth ? 

m 

20. WALES. 

Square miles, 7,400. Population, 1,300,000. 

Wales is situated west of England, and 
has generally a mountainous surface. 

Its climate is similar to that of Eng¬ 
land, and its soil is fer¬ 
tile. 

The principal produc¬ 
tions are barley, oats, 
and potatoes. 

Coal, iron, copper, and 
lead are abundant. 

The Welsh are descen¬ 
dants of the ancient Bri¬ 
tons, and are an indus¬ 
trious and hospitable 
people. Until 1283, 
Wales was an independ¬ 
ent kingdom, when it 
was united to England. 
Merthyr-Tydvil is the 
principal town, and is situated in a mining 
district. 

Questions. What number of square miles in 
Wales ? Inhabitants ? What can you say of its sit¬ 
uation and surface ? Climate, soil and productions ? 
Minerals ? The Welsh ? History ? Merthyr-Tydvil ? 

21. SCOTLAND. 

Square miles, 30,000. Population, 3,061,000. 

Scotland occupies the whole of the north¬ 
ern part of the island of Great Britain. 

It has a broken surface and is noted for 
the wildness and grandeur of its mountain 
scenery, its rapid streams, and beautiful 
lakes, called lochs. 



WINDSOR CASTLE. 




















EUROPE. 


The Grampian Hills divide it into two 
sections, called the Highlands and the Low¬ 
lands. The Highlands are cool, and chiefly 
adapted to pasture; the Lowlands are milder, 
and productive of various kinds of grain 
and vegetables. 

The principal minerals are coal, iron, lead, 
and copper. Manufactures are flourishing; 
and commerce and the fisheries are exten¬ 
sively pursued. 

The Scotch are grave, hardy, and enter¬ 
prising; of a moral and religious turn of 
mind; and are remarkably well instructed. 
Schools are established in every parish, and 
many of the most distinguished scholars, 
historians, and poets, have sprung from 
Scotland. 


EDINBURGH CASTLE. 

Edinburgh, the metropolis of Scotland, 
is distinguished for its romantic site, and nu¬ 
merous literary and charitable institutions. 
Glasgow is a large city, with flourishing 
manufactures, and noted for its university. 
Aberdeen and Dundee are very flourishing 
manufacturing and commercial towns. 

The Hebrides, Orkney, and Shetland 


islands comprise several hundred in num¬ 
ber, and belong to Scotland. 

Fingal’s Cave, a very romantic cavern, is 
on the island of StafFa, one of the Hebrides. 
It is composed of basaltic columns, beauti- 
fully jointed and of various forms. 

Questions. How many square miles has Scotland ? 
Inhabitants? Where is it situated? "What is its 
surface and for what is it noted? How divided? 
What is said of the Highlands ? Lowlands ? Min¬ 
erals, manufactures and commerce? The Scotch? 
Schools and scholars ? Edinburgh? Glasgow? Aber¬ 
deen and Dundee? The islands? Fingal’s Cave? 


22. IRELAND. 

Square miles, 32,500. Population, 5,T64,000. 
Ireland is a large island, west of Great 
Britain,sometimes called 
“ Green Erin,” from the 
beauty of its verdure.* 
Its coast is generally 
bold and rugged. The 
surface is undulating, a 
large part of the interior 
consisting of an expanse 
of bog, from which peat 
for fuel is obtained. 

The climate is mild; 
but its great moisture 
renders the country bet¬ 
ter adapted to grazing 
than tillage. Potatoes, 
oats, flax, wheat,and bar¬ 
ley, are the chief products. Linen is the prin¬ 
cipal article of manufacture. Cotton and 
woolen goods are made to a limited extent. 

Tlie Irish are ardent, brave, generous, and 
possess a large share of good humor and 
wit; but the mass of them are in a state of 
extreme wretchedness and poverty. The 
majority are Roman Catholics. 



























EUROPE. 


118 


The Giant’s Causeway, on the north-west 
coast, consists of perpendicular columns of 
rock, which rise from 200 to 400 feet above 
the level of the sea. It is the most remark¬ 
able curiosity in Ireland. 

Dublin, the capital, abounds with mag¬ 
nificent edifices and handsome streets, and 
is surrounded by beautiful suburbs. But 
in the midst of all this splendor, the deep¬ 
est indigence and distress are to be found. 

Cork is the second city in size, and has a 
capacious harbor with an extensive com¬ 
merce. Belfast is also a commercial city. 

Questions. Give the number of square miles in 
Ireland. Inhabitants. What are the surface and soil ? 
What can you say of the climate ? Products ? Linen, 
cotton and woolen goods ? The Irish ? The Giant’s 
Causeway ? Dublin ? Cork ? Belfast ? 


23. BELGIUM. 

Square miles, 11,400. Population, 4,359,000. 

Belgium is a small kingdom of Western 
Europe, situated north-east of France. 

Its surface may be regarded as an inclined 
plane, somewhat rugged, elevated in the 
south-east and sloping to the north-west. 

The climate is temperate and agreeable, 
but the low flats are considered unhealthy. 

The soil is so highly cultivated as to re¬ 
semble a garden, and agriculture is carried 
to the highest perfection. Grains, tobacco, 
flax, hemp, and fruits, grow in great luxu¬ 
riance. 

The mineral kingdom is exceedingly rich 
in lead, manganese, zinc, iron, and coal, and 
manufactures and commerce are in a flour¬ 
ishing state. 

The roads of Belgium are very superior, 
and spacious canals connect the principal 
cities. 

The Belgians combine the persevering in¬ 


dustry of the Dutch with the vivacity of the 
French, and arc distinguished for mechani¬ 
cal skill. They are rigid adherents of the 
Catholic religion. The government is a 
limited monarchy. 

Brussels, the capital, is a beautiful city, 
adorned with elegant palaces, handsome 
squares, fountains, and shaded walks. It 
is also noted for the manufacture of laces, 
carpets and linens. 

Ghent has extensive manufactures. The 
treaty of peace between the United States 
and Great Britain was signed here in 1814. 
Antwerp is the chief commercial city of Bel¬ 
gium, and contains one of the most magnifi¬ 
cent cathedrals in Europe. 

Questions. How many square miles has Belgium ? 
Inhabitants ? What is Belgium ? What is said of its 
surface ? Climate ? Soil and agriculture ? Produc¬ 
tions ? Mineral kingdom ? Manufactures and com¬ 
merce? Roads and canals? Tlie Belgians? Gov¬ 
ernment? Brus.sels? Ghent? Antwerp? 


24. HOLLAND. 

Square miles, 13,000. Population, .3,962,000. 
Holland lies on the North sea, east of 
Belgium. 



CANAL AND PALACE, AMSTERDAM. 


It is a flat country, and a part of it is 
lower than the level of the sea, which is 
























EUR 


kept from overflowing its surface by em¬ 
bankments raised along its coasts. 

It has a moist and cool climate, and a sur¬ 
passingly rich and productive soil. Grains 
and fruits are raised abundantly; but more 
attention is paid to the raising of cattle, and 
the making of butter and cheese. 

Commerce and manufactures, though not 
so extensive as formerly, are in a flourishing 
condition. Canals are very numerous, and 
alford the principal means of conveyance. 

The Dutch are a remarkably neat, frugal, 
industrious, patient, and honest people. 
Protestantism is the prevailing religion. 
The government is a limited monarchy. 

Hague, the capital, is handsomely built, 
and intersected by numerous canals, whose 
banks are bordered with trees. 

Amslerdam, the most populous and chief 
commercial city of Holland, is built on piles 
driven into a marsh of the Zuyder Zee. It 
is divided by canals into ninety islands, 
which are connected with each other by 
nearly 300 bridges. 

Its stadt-house is a most magnificent build¬ 
ing of freestone, resting on pile^ driven very 
deep into the ground. 

Questions. What is the number of square miles 
in Holland ? Inhabitants ? Where is it situated ? 
What is said of its surface ? Climate and soil ? 
Grains and fruits ? Cattle ? Commerce and manu¬ 
factures ? Canals ? The Dutch ? Religion ? Gov¬ 
ernment ? Hague ? Amsterdam ? 


25. DENMARK. 

Square miles, 23,000. Population, 2,108,000. 
Denmark comprises the peninsula of Jut¬ 
land, and the adjacent islands, lying north 
of Germany. 

It has a moist, but healthy climate. The 


OPE. 119 


soil is in general sandy, interspersed with 
some extensive fertile tracts. 

Agriculture is the leading pursuit, and 
wheat, rye, barley, oats, buckwheat, and 
peas, are raised in considerable quantities. 
Cattle and poultry are reared in great num¬ 
bers. The products of the dairy are im¬ 
portant articles of export. 



THE EXCHANGE AT COPENHAGEN. 


Denmark is favorably situated for com¬ 
merce and is extensively engaged in the 
whale and herring fisheries. 

The Danes are industrious, honest and 
well educated. Common schools are very 
numerous, and the attendance of the child¬ 
ren is enforced by law. The Lutheran is 
the established religion. The government 
is an unlimited monarchy, but wisely ad¬ 
ministered. 

Copenhagen, on the island of Zealand, is 
the capital. It has an excellent harbor and 
extensive dockyards, and is adorned with 
numerous beautiful squares and fine build¬ 
ings. 



















EUROPE. 


120 


The Danish possessions include Green¬ 
land, (already described,) Iceland and the 
Faroe islands. 

Iceland is cold and mountainous, abound¬ 
ing with volcanoes and boiling springs. Veg¬ 
etation is scanty, and the inhabitants chiefly 
subsist on cattle, sheep and fish. The Ice¬ 
landers are simple in their habits, but indus¬ 
trious and well instructed. 

Questions. How many square miles has Denmark ? 
Inhabitants ? What does it comprise ? What is the 
climate? Soil? What can you say of agriculture 
and the products ? The situation of Denmark in re¬ 
spect to commerce ? The Danes ? Common schools ? 
Religion and government ? Copenhagen ? Danish 
possessions ? Iceland and its inhabitants ? 


26. PRUSSIA. 

Square miles, 109,000. Population, 16,935,000. 
Prussia is divided into two sections by the 
kingdom of Hanover. 


COLOGNE. 

The principal division is situated between 
the Baltic sea and Austria. The western 
division lies south of Holland and Hanover. 

The eastern division is very level, abound¬ 
ing in plains, some of them covered with 


extensive forests. The western division has 
numerous low mountain ranges enclosing 
fertile valleys. 

Tlie climate is in general healthy. Much 
of the soil in the eastern section is sandy 
and unproductive; that of the w^estern is 
more fertile. 

Wheat, rye, barley, oats, potatoes, and 
cattle, are largely produced. The minerals 
are iron, coal, copper, zinc, tin, silver, salt, 
and, on the shores of the Baltic, amber. 

The inhabitants are chiefly Protestants, 
of German descent, and well educated. 

Prussia has a well organized and complete 
system of public instruction, and every child 
is required by law to attend school. 

The government is an absolute monarchy. 

Berlin, the seat of government, is built 
on a sandy plain, on both banks of the 
Spree, and is about ten miles in circumfer¬ 
ence. It is surrounded by a wall sixteen 
feet high. It is an ele¬ 
gant city, distinguished 
for the magnificence of 
many of its public build¬ 
ings, and for its literary 
institutions, and possesses 
extensive manufactures 
and trade. 

Breslau is extensively 
engaged in manufactures 
and trade. 

Dantzic and Konigsberg- 
are the principal seaports. 

Cologne^ upon the Rhine, 
is built in the form of a 
crescent. 

Questions. What is the number of square miles 
in Prussia ? Inhabitants ? How is it divided ? What 
is its situation ? The surface ? Climate ? What are 
produced ? What minerals are abundant ? What can 
























EUROPE. 121 


you say of the inhabitants ? System of instruction ? 
Government ? Berlin ? Breslau ? Dantzic and Kon- 
igsberg ? Cologne ? 


27. GERMANY. 

Square miles, 92,000. Population, 17,592,000. 

Germany proper occupies the central part 
of Europe. 

The Germanic confederation comprises 
one-third of Austria, nearly all of Prussia, 
the duchies of Holstein and Lauenburg in 
Denmark, the kingdoms of Bavaria, Hano¬ 
ver, Saxony, and Wurtemburg, with twenty- 
eight smaller states, or principalities, and 
four free cities. 

The northern section of Germany consists 
of a plain which is low and sandy; the 
central part, of a plateau and mountainous 
region, and the southern, of mountains and 
valleys. 

The climate is remarkably uniform, ex¬ 
cept in the district south of the Alps. 

With the exception of the loftier moun¬ 
tain districts, the soil is fertile, producing 
the various grains, and hemp, flax, potatoes, 
tobacco and hops. Grapes are extensively 
cultivated south of latitude 51° and in the 
valley of the Rhine. 

Iron, copper, coal, gold, silver, and other 
metals, are found. Agriculture is the lead¬ 
ing pursuit. Manufactures are flourishing, 
but commerce receives little attention. 

The Germans have light complexions, and 
are noted for industry, perseverance, frank¬ 
ness and hospitality. They are generally 
well educated, imaginative, and fond of 
music and dancing. 

Universities of the highest celebrity, 
schools and valuable libraries abound, and 
no nation produces a greater number'of 


authors, or men more distinguished in 
science, than Germany. 

The German Diet, composed of delegates 
from the several states, holds its sessions at 
Frankfort, on the Maine, a city noted for 
the amount of business transacted at its 
semi-annual fairs. 

Questions. How many square miles has Germany 
proper ? Inhabitants ? Where is it situated ? What 
does the Germanic Confederation comprise ? What is 
said of the surface of Germany ? Climate ? Soil and 
products? Minerals? Pursuits? The Germans? 
Universities and Schools? The German Diet? 

28. MECKLENBURG. 

Square miles, 5,600. Population, 641,000. 

Mecklenburg is a level, agricultural tract, 
bordering on the Baltic Sea. Cattle are 
reared in great numbers. Liquor, distilled 
from corn, is the principal article of manu¬ 
facture. 

Schwerin is the capital, and Rostivick the 
chief seaport. 

Questions. Describe Mecklenburg ? Name its cap¬ 
ital and seaport? 

29. HANOVER. 

Square miles, 14,800. Population, 1,819,000. 

Hanover is a kingdom in the north-west 
of Germany. 

In the low alluvial flats, the soil is remark¬ 
ably rich, but it has many barren heaths. 
Agriculture and manufactures are in a low 
condition. 

Gold, silver, copper, lead, iron, and coal, 
are found; and mining constitutes a chief 
branch of industry. 

Hanover, the capital, is built in a sandy j 
plain. It is divided by the Leine, a branch | 
of the Weser, into the old and new town; | 










122 


EUROPE. 


the former, ill built and dirty; the latter, 
regularly laid out. 

Gottingen is the seat of a university; the 
library, observatory and botanical gardens 
of which, are among the most celebrated in 
Europe. 

Questions. Where is Hanover situated ? What is 
said of the soil ? What is the condition of agricul¬ 
ture and manufactures in Hanover ? What minerals 
are found ? What is said of Hanover ? Gottingen ? 

30. SAXONY. 

Square miles, 5,900. Population, 2,000,000. 

Saxony, a kingdom of central Germany, 
is situated south of Prussia. 



Its university, gymnasia and schools have 
been much celebrated. 

Universal toleration is guaranteed to all 
religious creeds ; but the principal religion 
is Lutheran. 

Dresden, the capital, is a beautiful city, 
with superb palaces and churches, and val¬ 
uable libraries and galleries of paintings. 

Leipsic is the second city in Saxony, and 
one of the chief seats of commerce in Ger¬ 
many. It is noted for its fairs, at which 
people are congregated from all parts of 
Europe, and from Asia and America. It is 
extensively engaged in the manufacture and 
trade of books. Its university is one of the 
most distinguished in Ger¬ 
many. 


Questions. Where is Saxony sit¬ 
uated ? What is said of the climate ? 
For what is it distinguished ? What 
is the state of agriculture, manufac¬ 
tures and trade ? What is said of 
educational institutions ? Religion ? 
Describe Dresden ? Leipsic ? 


The climate in the loftier mountain dis¬ 
tricts is cold and bleak, but in other parts, it 
is milder than in most countries of Europe 
in the same latitude. 

This kingdom is distinguished for the 
productiveness of its soil, the superiority of 
its cattle and sheep, and the variety and 
richness of its minerals. 

Agriculture, manufactures and trade are 
in a flourishing condition, and education is 
universally diffused, 


31. BAVARIA. 

Square miles, 29,600. 

Population, 4,600,000. 
The Kingdom of Bavaria, 
situated west of Austria, with 
a small portion of territory west of the Rhine, 
in extent and population, is the most import¬ 
ant state of Germany proper. 

The climate is temperate and healthful, 
though on account of its general elevation, 
it is colder than the other countries of Ger¬ 
many. 

The soil is fertile, the mountains yielding 
excellent pasturage, while the valleys are 
productive in grains and fruits. 

Munich, the capital, is one of the hand- 






















EUROPE. 


somest cities in Germany, and is noted for 
its literary institutions, and fine galleries of 
paintings and sculpture. 



THE CATHEDRAL OF SPIRES. 


Nuremberg' has an antique appearance, 
and is celebrated for the manufacture of 
watches, and musical instruments, and the 
ingenuity of its citizens. 

Questions. What is said of Bavaria ? Its climate ? 
Soil? Productions? Munich? Nuremberg? 


32. WURTEMBURG. 

Square miles, 7,500. Population, 1,815,000. 

Wurtemburg is a kingdom of Germany, 
situated west of Bavaria. 

Though mountainous, it is one of the 
most fertile and highly cultivated portions 
of Germany, producing grain, fruits and 
wine. 

The inhabitants are among the most high¬ 
ly civilized and best educated in Europe. 
Schools and libraries are very numerous. 

Stuttgart is the capital. It is well built, 
with broad and handsome streets and fine 
squares. It has an extensive public library 
and many private libraries. 

Ulm is noted for its splendid cathedral. 


123 


Questions. Where is Wurtemburg situated ? AVhat 
is said of its soil ? Inhabitants ? Schools and libra¬ 
ries ? Stuttgart ? Ulm ? 

33. BADEN. 

Square miles, 5,900, Population, 1,357,000. 

Baden is a narrow, fertile tract, bordering 
the Rhine. The Black Forest extends over 
a large part of the state. Many of its hills 
are covered to their very summits with vine¬ 
yards. Agriculture, manufactures and trade 
are in a flourishing state. 

Carlsruhe, the capital, and Manheim, are 
well built towns. 

Questions. What can you say of Baden ? Carls¬ 
ruhe ? Manheim ? 


FREE CITIES. 

1. Frankfort, 2. Bremen, 3. Hamburg, 4. Lubeck. 

These are all that remain of the eighty- 
five cities which were united in the middle 
ages for mutual assistance, and called the 
Hanseatic league. 

Frankfort, on the Maine, the seat of the 
Germanic diet, is pleasantly situated in a 
beautiful, but narrow valley. It has a 
large number of public squares. It is 
rich in establishments for the promotion 
of art and literature, and has considerable 
trade. 

Bremen, situated on both banks of the 
Weser, has an extensive foreign trade, 
especially with North America. It is the 
principal German port for the shipment of 
emigrants. 

Hamburg, the largest of the free cities, 
and the greatest commercial port on the 
continent of Europe, is situated on the 
right bank of the Elbe, seventy miles from 
its mouth. ♦ 






















124 EUROPE. 



SENATE HOUSE, MARKET PLACE AND CATHEDRAL, LUBECK. 


Lubeck is enclosed by ramparts and a 
promenade. Its trade is less important than 
formerly, but is still thriving, especially 
with the Baltic states. 

Questions. Name the free cities. What is said of 
Frankfort? Bremen? Hamburg? Lubeck? 


34. SWITZERLAND. 

Square miles, 15,000. Population, 2,390,000. 

Switzerland, a federal republic of central 
Europe, comprises twenty-two cantons, 
called the Helvetic Republic. 

It is a land of mountains and vales, lakes 
and streams, presenting some of the wildest, 
most picturesqtie, and sublime scenery in 
the world. 

The Alps, which form its southern boun¬ 
dary, are the loftiest mountains in Europe, 
and extremely rugged. Dazzling glaciers, 
or fields of ice, crown their summits, and 
vast avalanches of snow, rushing from their 
sides into the vales below, sometimes bury 
whole villages. 

Switzerland has a great variety of climate. 


The declivities of the 
mountains are cold, and 
only adapted to grazing; 
the vales are warm, and 
productive of grain and 
fruits. Cotton goods and 
watches are the principal 
manufactures. 

A variety of minerals 
has been found, but none 
are worked to much ex¬ 
tent, except iron. 

The cantons are united 
for mutual defence, but 
retain their individual in¬ 
dependence in regard to 
all matters of internal administration. 

The diet meets alternately at Berne, the 
nominal capital. Lucerne and Zurich. 

The Swiss are well educated and indus¬ 
trious, honest and hospitable, and ardently 
attached to their country. In religion they 



ALPS AND CONVENT OF THE GREAT ST. BERNARD. 


are nearly equally divided between the Prot¬ 
estant and Roman Catholic. 

Berne, on a branch of the Rhine, is one 






























EUROPE. 125 


of the finest cities in Europe, and is sur¬ 
rounded by a picturesque country. 

Geneva, distinguished for its literary in¬ 
stitutions, and the manufacture of watches, 
is beautifully situated on lake Geneva. 


Questions. How many square miles has Switzer¬ 
land ? Inhabitants ? What does it comprise ? De¬ 
scribe its surface. The Alps. What is said of the 
climate ? Productions ? Manufactures ? Minerals ? 
The cantons? The diet? The Swiss? Religion? 
Berne ? Geneva ? 


GENERAL QUESTIONS ON EUROPE. 


How is Europe bounded? Which is the largest 
division? What divisions border on the Atlantic? 
What on the North Sea ? What on the Baltic Sea ? 
What on the Mediterranean Sea? What divisions 
have no sea-coast ? What two divisions form a penin¬ 
sula in the northern part ? In the south-western part ? 
What divisions are entirely separated from the conti¬ 
nent? 

Where are the Scandinavian Mountains ? Carpa¬ 
thian Mountains ? Alps ? Apennines ? Pyrenees ? 
Where is Mount Vesuvius? Mt. Etna? Mt. Hecla? 

Where is Lake Wener? Constance? Onega? 
Ladoga ? What are the principal rivers of England ? 
Of Sweden? Describe the Dwina. Ural. Don. 
Danube. Guadiana. Rhone. Loire. Rhine. Elbe. 
Thames. What are the tributaries of the Danube ? 

What sea between England and Norway ? Between 
Sweden and Russia? Between Italy and Turkey? 
Between Ireland and Wales ? Mention all the seas in 
and around Russia ? What gulfs connect directly with 
the Baltic Sea? With the Mediterranean? Where 
is the Bay of Biscay ? Galway Bay ? Strait of Dar¬ 
danelles? Strait of Otranto? Strait of Messina? 
Strait of Gibraltar ? English Channel ? Bristol Chan¬ 
nel? St. George’s Channel? The Skager Rack? 
Cattegat ? 

Mention the principal islands found in the Mediter¬ 
ranean Sea. In the Archipelago. In the Baltic Sea. 
Where are the Shetland Islands? Faroe Islands? 
Orkney Islands ? Hebrides ? Loflfoden Islands ? 
What Peninsula in the southern part of Russia? 
Where is the North Cape ? Cape Matapan ? Cape 
Spartivento? Cape Trafalgar? Cape St. Vincent? 
Cape Ortegal ? La Hague ? Lands End ? 


What is the latitude of London ? Paris ? St. Pe¬ 
tersburg ? Rome ? Constantinople ? Strait of Gib¬ 
raltar ? North Cape ? What is the longitude of Paris ? 
Frankfort? St. Petersburg? Constantinople? Mad¬ 
rid? Lisbon? Dublin? 

What countries in Europe arc about the same lat¬ 
itude as Vermont? As Pennsylvania? In what 
zones is Europe ? 

What countries of Europe are mostly mountainous ? 
What countries are level ? What is the climate of 
England ? Of Russia ? Of Italy ? Of Spain ? In 
what countries is agriculture best conducted ? What 
are the vegetable productions of Norway ? Of Aus¬ 
tria? Of Italy? Of Portugal? Of France? What 
are the mineral productions of Norway ? Austria ? 
France ? Spain ? England ? Scotland ? What is 
the general character of the French ? Italians ? 
Spaniards ? Scotch ? Dutch ? Turks ? What is 
the government of Great Britain ? France ? Aus¬ 
tria ? Russia ? TurkJ&y ? Switzerland ? What 
countries of Europe are Roman Catholic ? Protest¬ 
ant ? Greek Church ? What is the religion of Tur¬ 
key ? 

Describe London. Paris. Stockholm. St. Peters¬ 
burg. Constantinople. Athens. Rome. Madrid. 
What are the most commercial cities of England ? 
France ? 

How would you sail from New York to London ? 
From London to St. Petersburg ? From London to 
Naples? From Naples to Constantinople? From 
Constantinople to Copenhagen ? What mountains 
would you pass in traveling by land from Paris to 
Rome? What cities of interest? In what countries 
of Europe should we find the best traveling facilities ? 






























































































































ASIA. 


SQUAEE MILES, 16,000,000. POPULATION, 660,000,000. 


KEY TO MAP NO. 7.‘ 


COUNTRIES, CAPITALS, CHIEF TOWNS. 

1 Siberia, l Omsk, 2 Irkootsk, 3 Yekaterin- 
boorg, 4 Tobolsk, 6 Tomsk, 
6 Barnaul, 7 Kiakhta, 8 Ya- 
kootsk, 9 Okhotsk, 10 Petro- 
paulovski. 


2 Chinese Tartary, 

Soongaria, l Eelee. 

Mongolia, 2 Maimaitchin. 
Mantchooria, 3 Saghalien, 4 Chinyang. 
Toorkistan, 5 Yarkand, 6 Kashgar. 


3 Corea, l Kingkitao. 


4 China, l Peking, 2 Teentsin, 3 Nanking, 4 
Shanghai, 5 Hang-chow-foo, 6 
Amoy, 7 Canton, 8 Macao. 


6 Thibet, 


1 Lassa, 2 Jiga Gounggar. 


6 Japan, 


1 Yeddo, 2 Miaka, 3 Osaka. 


9 Beloochistan, i Kelat. 

10 Afghanistan, l Cabool, 2 Herat, 3 Peshawer. 


11 Persia, l Teheran, 2 Tabreez, 3 Reshd, 4 

Meshed, 6 Ispahan, 6 Sheeraz. 

12 Arabia, l Mecca, 2 Derateh, 3 Muscat, 

4 Sana, 5 Petra, 6 Medina, 
7 Mocha, 8 Aden. 


13 Turkey, l Smyrna, 2 Brusa, 3 Trebizond, 

4 Erzroom, 6 Kars, 6 Diarbe- 
kir, 7 Mosul, 8 Bagdad, 9 
‘ Bassorah. 

14 S3rria, l Aleppo, 2 Damascus, 3 Jerusalem, 4 

Beyroot. 


16 Georgia, l Tiflis. 


16 Independent Toorkistan, i Khita, 2 Khokan, 
3 Bokhara, 4 Tashkend, 6 Sam- 
arcand. 


7 Farther India, 

Burmah, l Monchoboo, 9 Rangoon, 10 Amara- 

' poora. 

Anam, 2 Hue, 6 Ketcho, 6 Saigon. 

Siam, 3 Bangkok. 

Malacca, 4 Malacca, 7 Singapore. 

Tenasserim, 8 Amherst. 

8 Hindostan, l Calcutta, 2 Cashmere, 3 Amritseer, 

4 Lahore, 5 Delhi, 6 Lucknow, 7 
Benares, 8 Patna, 9 Dacca, 10 
Nagpoor, 11 Hyderabad, 12 
Madras, 13 Colombo, 14 Poonah, 
15 Bombay, 16 Surat, 17 Bar- 
oda, 18 Ahmedabad, 19 Hydra- 
bad, 20 Oojein. 


OCEANS, SEAS, GULFS AND BAYS. 

1 Arctic Ocean, 

2 Pacific Ocean, 

3 Indian Ocean, 

4 Sea op Kara, 

6 Gulp op Obi, 

6 Yenisei Gulp, 

7 Gulp op Lena, 

8 Gulf of Anadir, 

9 Sea of Kamtchatka, 

10 Sea op Okhotsk, 

11 Penjinsk Gulf, 

12 JiJioiNSK Gulp, 

13 Tomsk Gulf, 

14 Sea of Yesso, 











128 ASIA. 


15 Sea of Japan, 

57 Fadievskoi, 

16 Yeddo Bat, 

68 New Siberia, 

lY Yellow Sea, 

69 Liaghoff, 

18 Pecheelee Gulf, 

60 Behring’s Islands, 

19 Eastekn Sea, 

61 Tchantar, 

20 China Sea, 

62 Saghalien, 

21 Gulf of Tonquin, 

63 Koorile Islands, 

22 Gulf of Siam, 

64 Staten Islands, 

23 Gulf of Martaban, 

65 Yesso, , 

24 Bay of Bengal, 

66 Niphon, 

25 Gulf of Manaar, 

67 SiKOKF, 

26 Arabian Sea, 

68 Kioosioo, 

2Y Gulf of Cambay, 

69 Quelpaert Islands, 

28 Gulf of Cutch, 

70 Loo-Choo Islands, 

29 Gulf of Ormus, 

71 Formosa, 

SO Persian Gulf, 

72 Hongkong, 

31 Gulf of Aden, 

73 Hainan, 

32 Red Sea, 

74 Singapore, 

S3 Dead Sea, 

75 Sumatra, 

34 Mediterranean Sea, 

76 Penang, 

36 jEgean Sea, 

77 Junk Ceylon, 

86 Sea of Marmora, 

78 Nicobar, 

8Y Black Sea, ^ 

79 Andaman, 

88 Sea of Azof, 

80 Ceylon, 

39 Caspian Sea, 

81 Maldite Islands, 

40 Dead Gulf, 

82 Coralline Islands, 

41 Aral Sea. 

83 Laccadive Islands, 

84 Kishm, 

85 Bahrein, 

86 Socotra, 

STRAITS AND CHANNELS. 

42 Behring’s Strait, 

43 Channel of Tartart, 

44 Perouse Strait, 

45 Strait of Yesso, 

87 Cyprus. 

46 Strait of Corea, 

PENINSULAS, CAPES AND ISTHMUSES. 

47 Strait of Formosa, 

88 Peninsula of Kamtchatka, 

48 Strait of Malacca, 

89 Cape Zelania, 

49 Palk’s Strait, 

90 North East Cape, 

60 Strait of Ormus, 

91 Chelagskoy Cape, 

51 Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb, 

92 East Cape, 

62 Strait of Dardanelles, 

93 Cape St. Thaddeus, 

63 Channel of Bosporus, 

94 Cape Lopatka, 

64 Strait of Yenikalk. 

96 Cape Cambodia, 

96 Cape Romania, 

_ -- 

97 Cape Negrais, 

ISLANDS. 

98 Cape Comorin, 

99 Cape Easalhad, 

100 Cape Isolette, 

65 Nova Zembla, 

101 Isthmus of Kraw, 

66 Kotelnoi, 

102 Isthmus of Suez. 















ASIA. 


129 


MOUNTAINS AND DESERTS. 

143 Tobol, 

103 Ural, 

144 ISHIM, 

104 Konjakofski, 

145 Yenisei, 

105 Little Altai, 

146 Angara, ' ' 

106 Stanovoi, 

]47 Selenga, 

107 Aldan, 

148 Toongooska, 

108 Khingan, 

149 PlASINA, 

109 Peling, 

160 Khatanga, 

110 Meling, 

161 Anabara, 

111 Kuenlun, 

152 Olenek, 

112 Himalaya, 

163 Lena, 

113 Kunchinjunga, 

154 Vitim, 

114 Beloor, 

155 Aldan, 

115 Thian Shan, 

156 Amga, 

116 Peshan Volcano, 

157 Yana, 

117 Ghauts Mountains, 

158 Indighirka, 

118 Hindoo Koosh, 

159 Kolyma, 

119 Elbrooz, 

160 Anadir, 

120 Demavend, 

161 Amoor, 

121 Ramleah, 

162 Chikiri, 

122 Sinai, 

163 SlIILKA, 

123 Taurus, 

164 Argoon, 

124 Ararat, 

165 SOONGARI, 

125 Caucasus, 

166 OosooRi, 

126 Great Desert of Gobi, 

167 Pei-Ho, 

. 127 Sandy Desert, 

168 Hoang Ho, 

128 Great Sandy Desert, 

169 Yang-tse-Kiang, 

129 Great Salt Desert, 

170 Hong Kiang, 

130 Desert of Akhaf, or Arabian Desert. 

171 Cambodia, 


172 Menam, 


173 Salwin, * 


174 Irrawaddy, i 


175 Brahmapootra, 

LAKES. 

176 Ganges, 

131 Tchany, 

177 Jumna, 

132 Baikal, 

178 Mahanuddy, 

133 Balkash, 

179 Godavery, 

134 Zaisan Nor, 

180 Kristnah, 

135 Lop Nor, 

181 Nerbudda, 

136 Koko Nor, 

182 Indus, 

137 POYANG, 

183 Sutlej, 

138 Ton-Ting Hoo, 

184 Chenaub, 

139 ZURRAH, 

185 Helmund, 

140 OOROOMEEYAH. 

• 186 Tigris, 


187 Euphrates, ^ 


188 Koor, 


189 Attruck, 


190 Ural, 

RIVERS. 

191 Sihon, 

141 Obi, 

192 Amoo, 

142 Irtish, 

193 Yarkand. 
























130 ASIA. 


QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF ASIA. 


Bound Asia. What is the number of its square 
miles ? Inhabitants ? What is its latitude ? Longi¬ 
tude? In what zones is Asia? With w'hat grand 
divisions is it connected? (See Map of Hemispheres.) 
Name its political divisions. Their capitals. Which 
division extends farthest north ? South ? East ? 
West? AVhat divisions have no sea-coast? 


OCEANS, SEAS, GULFS AND BAYS. 

What ocean North of Asia ? 1. East ? 2. South ? 3. 
What sea between Nova Zembla and Siberia? 4. 
W’’hat two seas east of Siberia? 9, 10. What sea 
east of Chinese Tartary? 15. AYest of Corea? 17. 
South of China? 20. West of Hindostan? 26. 
Between Asia and Africa? 32. West of Turkey? 34. 
What three seas between Asia and Europe ? 36, 37, 
39. AYhat sea in Independent Tartary ? 41. AYhat is 
there remarkable in respect to the Caspian and Aral 
seas ? Ans. — Large rivers flow into them, but no 
outlets have yet been discovered. 

What three gulfs north of Siberia ? 5-7. What 
four gulfs on the east? 8, 11-13. AYhat bay in the 
east of Japan? 16. AVhat gulf south of China? 21. 
AVhat gulfs south of Farther India ? 22, 23. AVhat 
bay east of Hindostan ? 24. What gulfs west of Hin- 
dbstan ? 27, 28. AVhat gulf south of Beloochistan ? 
29. South of Persia? 30. South of Arabia? 31. 


STRAITS AND CHANNELS. 

What strait separates Asia from North America? 
42. AVhat channel east of Chinese Tartary ? 43. 
What strait between the Sea of Japan and the Sea 
of Yesso? 44. AYhat strait between Niphon and 
Ye.sso? 45. What strait south of Corea? 46. East 
of China? 47. West of Malacca? 48. South of 
Persia? 50. South of Arabia? 51. 


ISLANDS. 

What islands north of Siberia? 55-59. East of 
Kamtchatka ? 60. AYhat island north-east of Chinese 
Tartary ? 62. What islands east of the Sea of Japan ? 
65, 66. What islands east of China ? 67-71. What 
islands south of China ? 72, 73. What island west of 


Malacca? 75. AVhat islands west of Farther India? 
76-79. What large island south of Hindostan? 80. 
AYhat groups south-west of Hindostan ? 81-83. 


CAPES AND PENINSULAS. 

AYhich is the most northern cape of Asia ? 90. 
The most eastern ? 92. AA'hat cape south of the 
Peninsula of Kamtchatka ? 94. East of the gulf of 
Siam? 95. South of Malacca? 96. South of Bur- 
mah in Chin India? 97. What cape south of Hin¬ 
dostan ? 98. AYhat isthmus unites Asia to Africa ? 
102. What peninsula east of the Sea of Okhotsk ? 88. 

MOUNTAINS AND DESERTS. 

AYhat mountains between Asia and Europe ? 103. 
Siberia and Chinese Tartary ? 105, 106. AYhat 
mountains and deserts in Chinese Tartary ? 108, 115, 
126, 127. AA'hat mountains in China? 109, 110. 
North of Thibet ? 111. North of Hindostan ? 112. 
What mountains and desert in Persia? 119, 129. 
What mountains and desert in Arabia? 121, 130. 
What mountain near the isthmus of Suez ? 122. 
AYhat mountains in Turkey? 123, 


LAKES. 

What two lakes in Siberia? 131, 132. What lakes 
in Chinese Tartary ? 133-136. AA'hat lake in Afghan¬ 
istan ? 139. AYhat lake in Persia ? 140. 

RIVERS. 

AYhat rivers flow from Siberia into the Arctic 
Ocean? 141, 145, 149-153, 157-159. Mention the 
tributaries of the Obi. 142-144. Of the Yenisei. 
146—148. Of the Lena. 154—156. AYhat river flows 
into the Channel of Tartary ? 161. AYhat are the 
principal rivers of China? 167-170. Of Farther 
India? 171-174. AA’^hat rivers from Hindostan flow 
into the Bay of Bengal? 176, 178-180. What into 
the Arabian Sea? 181, 182. What river flows into 
Lake Zurrah ? 185. AYhat rivers of Turkey flow 
into the Persian Gulf? 186, 187. What river be¬ 
tween Independent Tartary and Russia? 190. AA^hat 
two rivers flow into the Sea of Aral? 191, 192. 















ASIA. 


131 



DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 


Asia is the largest and most populous 
grand division of the globe. 

It contains immense plains and elevated 
plateaus, traversed by lofty mountains. It 
has large inland seas or lakes, and numer¬ 
ous rivers. 

It is distinguished for its delicious fruits, 
fragrant spices, and medicinal drugs. Rice, 
the vine, the tea-plant, and many of the 
fruits of the torrid zone, are extensively 
cultivated. 

It is rich in gold, diamonds and other 
precious gems. Silver, copper, iron, tin, 
and lead, are also found. 

The elephant, rhinoceros, lion, tiger, bear, 
and other wild animals, are numerous. In 
the southern part, insects and reptiles are 
abundant—also birds of splendid plumage. 

The inhabitants belong chiefly to the Cau¬ 
casian, Asiatic and Malay races. 

The Caucasian race occupies the western 


part; the Asiatic, the northern and eastern; 
the Malay race, Malacca, and the Asiatic 
islands. 

The principal nations have their learned 
men, but the great mass of the population 
are deplorably ignorant and superstitious. 
The women are degraded, and often treated 
like slaves. 

Agriculture is pursued in some parts of 
Asia with great care, but not with the same 
skill as in Europe. The arts and manufac¬ 
tures are in an imperfect state, though the 
most superb silks and shawls in the world 
are manufactured in Asia. 

Tlie religion is mostly Pagan and Moham¬ 
medan ; far the greatest number of people 
are Pagan. 

Asia formerly contained the most wealthy 
and enlightened nations of the world, and 
was the seat of the powerful empires of 
Assyria, Babylonia and Persia. 






























132 A S 


It has been the theatre of the greatest 
events that ever transpired on our globe. 

Here man was created and placed in the 
garden of Eden—here he sinned and brought 
death into the world—here the patriarchs 
and prophets dwelt—and here, too, was the 
scene of the birth, crucifixion, and ascension 
of Christ, the Redeemer of mankind. 

Questions. "What is the size of Asia ? Mention its 
natural characteristics. For what is it distinguished ? 
What are cultivated ? In what is it rich ? What ani¬ 
mals are found? Who inhabit it? What is their 
character ? What is said of agriculture and the arts ? 
Religion ? What did Asia formerly contain ? What 
has transpired here? 


1. SIBERIA. 

Square miles, 5,300,000. Population, 3,000,000. 

Siberia is a vast country occupying the 
northern part of Asia, and subject to the 
Russian government. 

It is mostly one immense plain, abounding 
with numerous marshes and large rivers. 

The northern part is excessively cold, 
scarcely admitting of cultivation. The 
southern part abounds with extensive for¬ 
ests, and produces grain and potatoes. 

The mountainous sections are rich in 
mines of gold, silver, iron, platina, and in 
precious stones. 

Bears, sables, ermines, beavers, lynxes, 
and marmots are numerous, furnishing val¬ 
uable skins and furs for export. The rein¬ 
deer, sheep and dog, are the principal domes¬ 
tic animals. 

The inhabitants consist of wandering 
native tribes, and exiles who have been 
banished from Russia for crime. Hunting 
and mining are their chief employments. 

Numerous bones of the mammoth, ele¬ 
phant, and other animals of the torrid zone. 


I A. 


are found on the banks of the rivers, and 
shores of the Arctic Ocean. 

Omsk, one of the capitals of West Siberia, 
has an important military school. 

Tobolsk, the other capital of West Sibe¬ 
ria, is situated at the junction of the Irtish 
and Tobol rivers. It is surrounded by a 
strong brick wall, and the streets are mostly 
paved with wood. 

Irkootsk, the residence of the governor of 
East Siberia, is situated on the Angara, 
thirty miles from lake Baikal. It has seve¬ 
ral public buildings and numerous schools, 
and is a place of considerable commerce. 

Questions. How many square miles has Siberia ? 
Inhabitants? Where does Siberia lie, and to whom 
is it subject ? What is said of its surface ? Climate 
and productions ? Mines ? Animals ? Inhabitants ? 
Bones of Animals ? Omsk ? Tobolsk ? Irkootsk ? 


CHINESE EMPIRE. 

Square miles, 5,000,000. Population, 400,000,000. 

The Chinese Empire is an immense terri¬ 
tory, stretching from the center to the east¬ 
ern extremities of Asia, and occupying 
nearly a third of its surface. 

It is the most populous empire in the 
world, and comprises Chinese Tartary, China, 
Corea, Thibet, and numerous islands. 

The government is despotic, and the Em¬ 
peror is styled the “ Son of Heaven,” and 
the “Father op his people.” 

Questions. How many square miles has the Chi¬ 
nese Empire? Inhabitants? Describe it. What does 
it comprise ? What is its government ? What is the 
Emperor styled ? 


2. CHINESE TARTARY. 

This extensive country consists chiefly of 
elevated table land, abounding with deserts 











ASIA. 


133 


and mountain ranges, and 
is better adapted to graz¬ 
ing than to tillage. 

It is divided into the 
following provinces, com¬ 
mencing on the east, Mant- 
chooria, Mongolia, Soon- 
garia, and Toorkistan. 

The last is the most thickly 
settled. The inhabitants 
lead a roving life, and 
raise large numbers of 
horses and cattle. 

Yarkand is the present 
capital of Chinese Toorkis¬ 
tan. It is enclosed by an 
earthern rampart, and its 
houses arc built of stone 
and clay, mostly of one 
story. It is the chief em¬ 
porium of trade between the Chinese Em¬ 
pire and the countries west. 

Kashgar^ the former capital of Toorkistan, 
is a city of considerable importance. It has 
manufactures of cotton goods, and articles 
of gold and jasper. 

Questions. Describe Chinese Tartary. How is it 
divided ? What is said of its inhabitants ? Describe 
Yarkand. Kashgar. 

3. COREA. 

Square miles, 80,000. Population, 18,000,000. 

Corea is very uneven, being traversed by 
mountains; the climate is cold. The soil 
is generally fertile, and the productions are 
barley in the north; wheat, cotton, rice, 
millet, and hemp, in the south. 

Gold, silver, copper, iron, rock salt, and 
coal, are found. 

Kingkitao, the capital, is situated on the 
Kiang river, near the center of the kingdom. 



THE GREAT CHINESE WALL. 


Questions. How many square miles has Corea? 
Inhabitants ? What is said of the surface, climate 
and soil ? Productions ? Minerals ? Kingkitao ? 


4. CHINA. 

Square miles, 1,298,000. Population, 367,633,000. 

China proper is a large country in the 
south-east of Asia. 

It is mountainous in the interior and 
western parts, and slopes gradually toward 
the shore. 

The climate is cold in the north, and more 
mild in the south, though all parts are sub¬ 
ject to great extremes of heat and cold. 

The soil is fertile, especially in its rich 
alluvial plains, and is cultivated with great 
care. The most noted product is tea. Eice, 
cotton, wheat, barley, and potatoes are also 
extensively raised. 

Gold, silver, copper, iron, and coal, are 
found to some extent. 




















184 ASIA. 


The Chinese excel in the manufacture of 
silk and porcelain. Teas, silks, and China 
ware, are the principal exports. 

China has a very dense population, and 
is remarkable for the great antiquity of its 
government, and the peculiarity of its cus- I 
toms. I 

The inhabitants are mild, intelligent and | 
industrious. Learned men are highly [ 
esteemed and much attention is paid to ! 
education. The religion of the Chinese is ' 
Pagan. j 

The Chinese wall was built 2000 years ! 
since, as a defense against the Tartars. It 
is 1,500 miles in length, and in some places 
twenty or thirty feet high, and sufficiently 
wide for six horsemen to ride abreast. 

Peking, the capital city of China, is situ¬ 
ated on a sandy plain, a hundred miles from 
the Yellow Sea, It consists of two contigu¬ 
ous cities, separately enclosed by lofty walls. 
The nortliern, or imperial city, is occupied 
by the Tartars, and contains several public 
buildings and magnificent temples. The 
southern, or Chinese city, contains the 
largest number of inhabitants. Its entire 
circuit is twenty-five miles. It has consid¬ 
erable trade and manufactures. 



FAMILY BOAT. 


Canton is the greatest commercial city in 
China. It has a large foreign trade, and 
exports immense quantities of tea. Thou¬ 
sands of its inhabitants live in boats on the 
river. Nanking, a large city and the ancient 
capital of southern China, is situated near 


the right bank of the Yang-tse-Kiang, a])out 
ninety miles from its moutli. It has import¬ 
ant manufactures of crape, satin, Nankeen 
cloths, artificial flowers, and Indian ink. 
It contains the celebrated porcelain tower, 
which was built in the fifteenth century at 
a cost of over 835,000,000. 

The principal Chinese islands are Hainan 
and Formosa. Large quantities of rice, 
with camphor, maize, salt, sulphur, fruits, 
and timber, are exported from the latter. 

Questions. How many square miles has China ? 
AYhat is its population ? How is it situated ? What 
is said of its surface ? Climate and soil ? Produc¬ 
tions ? Minerals ? Manufacture of silk and porcelain ? 
Of exports? For what is China remarkable ? What 
can you say of its inhabitants ? Learned men ? Re¬ 
ligion ? The Chinese wall ? Describe Peking. Can¬ 
ton. Nanking. The Chinese islands. 

5. THIBET. 

Square miles, 723,000. Population, 8,000,000. 

Thibet occupies the southern portion of 
the great table land of central Asia, and is 
Availed in by lofty mountains. 

It has a cold, dry, healthful climate. The 
soil is poor, and the vegetable productions 
are A'ery few. 

It is rich in mineral productions. Gold, 
silver, iron, and salt are abundant. 

It has large numbers of cattle and sheep. 
A kind of goat furnishes a very fine hair 
for the manufacture of cashmere shawls. 

Lassa is the capital. The Grand Lama 
resides here, and has a magnificent temple 
near the city, which is constantly thronged 
with multitudes of worshipers. 

Questions. Give the number of square miles of 
Thibet. Population. How is Thibet situated ? By 
what is it walled in ? What is said of its climate and 
soil ? Minerals ? Aninmte ? Lassa ? 


















AS 


j 6. EMPIRE OF JAPAN, 

j Square miles, 200,000. Population, 30,000,000. 

; This empire includes the islands of Yesso, 
Niplioii and Kioosioo, with several small 
adjacent islands. 

j The surface is generally uneven. The 
! coasts of the larger islands are extremely 
irregular, having numerous bays and gulfs. 



BAY OF YEDDO. 


j It has a changeable climate and fertile 
soil, producing in abundance, rice, cotton, 
j sugar, wheat, tea, and the finest fruits, 
j Gold,, silver, copper, tin, lead, iron, and 
i coal, abound. 

I Buffaloes and zebus are common, and are 
used for agricultural purposes. Horses are 
small but excellent, and are used only by 
I the nobility. There is a great variety of 
birds and insects. 

! The Japanese belong to the Mongol race. 
They are divided into eight classes; princes, 
nobles, priests, soldiers, civil officers, mer¬ 
chants, artisans, and laborers. Many of 
them are very intelligent. They are skilled 
j in agriculture and manufactures. Females 
j are treated with great respect. 

I The government is an absolute hereditary 

i -8 


I A. 136 


monarchy. The religion consists chiefly in 
the worship of departed spirits of good men. 

Yeddo, the capital, is one of the most 
populous cities. The houses arc usually of 
one story, but it contains many palaces. 

Questions. What number of square miles has the 
Empire of Japan ? Inhabitants ? What does it in¬ 
clude ? What is said of the surface ? Climate, soil 
and productions ? Minerals? Animals? Inhabitants? 
Government? In what does the religion consist? 
Describe Yeddo. 


INDIA. 

India is an extensive and populous coun¬ 
try, embracing Chin-India on the east, and 
Hindostan on the west. 

It is distinguished by its numerous rivers, 
fertile soil, and luxuriant vegetation; and 
is rich in gold, diamonds, and other pre¬ 
cious stones. 

Lofty and beautiful forests are numerous. 
Some of these are rendered almost impen¬ 
etrable by vines and shrubs, and are called 
jungles. 

The elephant, tiger, lion, panther, leop¬ 
ard, hyena, and rhinoceros, abound—also 
birds of beautiful plumage, and swarms of 
insects. 

Most of the inhabitants are superstitious 
pagans, and exceedingly degraded. 

Questions. What is India ? By what is it distin¬ 
guished ? In what is it rich ? What is said of the 
forests ? What animals are found ? Describe its in¬ 
habitants. 

7. FARTHER INDIA. 

Square miles, 1,000,000. Population, 22,000,000. 

Farther India, or India beyond the Gan¬ 
ges, is situated between the bay of Bengal 
and China Sea. 

Four parallel mountain chains traverse 


























136 ASIA. 


this region, from north to south, bounding 
the great basins of its principal rivers. 

It contains many rich valleys, yielding a 
variety of vegetable products. 

The climate is healthful. Agriculture is 
in a backward state. Rice is the principal 
product. 

Maize, cotton, sugar-cane, ginger, and 
tropical fruits, are raised to some extent. 

In some parts of Farther India, gold, 
silver, copper, and iron, are found. 

Farther India comprises the empires of 
Anam and Burmah, the kingdom of Siam, 
the peninsula of Malacca, and the British 
possessions. 

Anam extends from China and the Gulf 
of Tonquin, to the Gulf of Siam, and in¬ 
cludes Tonquin, Cochin China, Champa, 
and the eastern portion of Cambodia. 

Burmah occupies the western part of the | 
peninsula, extending from China to the 
Gulf of Martaban. 

Siam occupies the center of the peninsula, 
lying between the empires of Anam and 
Burmah. 

Malacca is the most southern portion of 
Continental Asia, lying between tire China 
Sea and the Strait of Malacca. It was for¬ 
merly an independent territory, but is now 
divided between European powers and the 
king of Siam. 

The British possessions embrace a section 
of country on the east and north of the 
Gulf of Martaban, the southern portion of 
Malacca, and the island of Singapore. 

Hue, the capital of the empire of Anam, 
is situated on the Hue river, ten miles from 
the China Sea. It is surrounded by walls 
mounting numerous cannon, and its for¬ 
tress is considered the strongest in Asia. 

Bangkok, the capital of Siam, is situated i 


on both banks of the river Menam, twenty 
miles above its mouth. It has manufactures 
of tin and iron wares, and leather, and is 
one of the most commercial cities in Asia. 

Monchoboo has recently become the cap¬ 
ital of the Burman Empire. 

Singapore, situated on the south side of 
the island of the same name, is one of the 
principal commercial emporiums of the east. 
It has an extensive trade with eastern and 
southern Asia, Great Britain, France, and 
the United States. The port is free to ves¬ 
sels of all kinds and from all nations. 

Questions. What is the extent of Farther India? 
Population? How is Farther India situated? What 
is said of its surface ? Soil ? Climate ? Productions ? 
Minerals ? What does it comprise ? Describe Anam. 
Burmah. Siam. Malacca. The British possessions. 
Hue. Bangkok. Monchoboo. Singapore. 


8. HINDOSTAN. 

Square miles, 1,280,000. Population, 160,000,000. 

Hindostan comprises the great central 
peninsula of Southern Asia. It consists of 
a vast plain in the north, and high plateaus 
bounded by mountains in the south. Its 
soil is very fertile. 

The climate in the northern part is mild 
and agreeable. In the southern, it is op¬ 
pressively hot and often unhealthy. 

Rice, sugar, tobacco, opium, cotton, silk, 
indigo, and various kinds of grain and 
spices, are the vegetable productions. The 
most delicious fruits grow spontaneously. 

One of the remarkable vegetable curiosi¬ 
ties of Hindostan, is the Banian, or Indian 
fig tree. Its limbs send downward to the 
earth numerous shoots, which take root and 
become large trunks. One tree will some¬ 
times form a grove large enough to shade 
several thousand persons. 











ASIA. 


137 


Its minerals are gold, iron, coal, diamonds, 
and other precious stones. 

The Hindoos have excelled in a few man¬ 
ufactures; the embroidered shawls of the 
province of Cashmere being unrivaled. 

The population is dense, and divided into 
castes, which never associate or intermarry 
with each other. In some districts, the in¬ 
habitants are intelligent and industrious, in 
others, ignorant and extremely degraded. 



PALACE OF THE KING, DELHI. 


Their religion is paganism. They wor¬ 
ship many thousands of deities—also the 
river Ganges, and various animals. 

The British Government has the control 
of the larger portion of the country. 

The British also possess Ceylon, a beau¬ 
tiful and fertile island, abounding with 
fruits and spices, and valuable for its pearl 
fisheries. 

. Calcutta, the capital and largest city in 
ITindostan, has an extensive commerce, and 
is thronged with persons from all parts of 
the globe. 

Bombay, the capital of Western British 
India, though inferior to Calcutta and Ma¬ 
dras, has an extensive commerce, and is the 
chief Indian port, connected with the estab¬ 


lishment of steam navigation between India 
and Great Britain. 

Madras is situated on a sandy shore on 
the eastern coast. It lias no harbor, but is 
a place of extensive trade. Benares is a 
wealthy city, situated on the north bank 
of the Ganges. It is the holy city of the 
Hindoos, and contains numerous mosques 
and temples. It is famous for its trade in 
diamonds. 

Delhi was once the largest city in India. 
It is distinguished for its royal palace. 

Questions. How many square miles has Ilindos- 
tan ? Inhabitants ? Where is it situated ? What is 
the surface of Hindostan ? What can you say of the 
soil ? Climate ? Productions ? Banian tree ? Min¬ 
erals? Manufactures? Population? Religion? Who 
control most of the country ? Describe Ceylon. Cal¬ 
cutta. Bombay. Madras. Benares. Delhi. 


9. BELOOCHISTAN. 

Square miles, 100,000. Population, 2,000,000. 

Beloochistan lies west of Hindostan, and 
extends six hundred miles on the shore of 
the Arabian sea. 

It is a mountainous country, covered 
chiefly with barren wastes, and thinly pop¬ 
ulated. 

The climate is various, being cold in the 
elevated parts, and excessively hot in the 
valleys. In the low and watered plains, rice, 
sugar-cane, cotton, indigo, and tobacco, are 
raised; in other parts, wheat, barley, and 
fruits are the principal products. 

The government is despotic, and the re¬ 
ligion, Mohammedan. 

The inhabitants consist of Belochees and 
Brahoees. The Belochees are a warlike 
race, living by plunder. The Brahoees arc 
mild, peaceful, and subsist on their cattle. 

Kelat is the principal city and capital. 



















138 ASIA. 


Questions. How many square miles has Beloo- 
chistan ? Inhabitants ? Where is it situated ? De¬ 
scribe it. Climate. Productions. Government and 
religion. The inhabitants. Name its chief city. 

10. AFGHANISTAN. 

Square miles, 300,000. Population, 5,000,000. 

Afghanistan lies directly north of Beloo- 



NATIVES. 


chistan, which it resembles in surface and 
soil. The summits of the mountains are 
often covered with snow, while the valleys 
in summer are extremely hot. It is inhab¬ 
ited by various tribes, of which the Afghans 
are the chief, and of a brave character. 

Arts and manufactures are in a backward 
state 

Cabool, the capital, is beautifully situated 
on the Cabool river in a fertile plain, and 
has a delightful climate and active trade. 

Herat is important for its manufactures 
and trade. 

Questions. What is the number of square miles in 
Afghanistan? Population? Describe Afghanistan. Its 
inhabitants. Arts and manufactures. Cabool. Herat. 


11. PERSIA. I 

Square miles, 450,000. Population, 10,000,000. i 
Persia extends from the Caspian Sea to ^ 


the Persian Gulf. It consists of an exten¬ 
sive central plateau, encircled by mountain- 
chains on three of its sides. These, with 
vast salt or sandy deserts, and long, arid 
valleys destitute of streams, are the most 
striking characteristics of Persia. 

The climate is subject to extremes of heat 
and cold; only in the valleys, is the soil fertile. 

Silk of the finest quality, grains, rice, 
tobacco, cotton, wines, and fruits, are the 
chief products. 

Agriculture receives comparatively little 
attention. The most elegant silks, shawls, 
carpets, and porcelain, are manufactured. 



MOSQUE OF SUUTAN HUSSEIN, ISPAHAN. 


The Persians are a handsome, active and 
warlike people. 

Pastoral tribes or shepherds who frequent¬ 
ly plunder the more fertile tracts, inhabit 
the mountainous districts. 
























ASIA. 139 


Ill ancient times, Persia was one of the 
most powerful empires of the East, but its 
power and influence have been much re¬ 
duced. The sovereign is an absolute despot. 

Teheran, the capital, is strongly fortified, 
and has an unhealthy site. It has manufac¬ 
tures of carpets and iron goods. 

Ispahan is a populous city, with a beauti¬ 
ful situation. Reshd is a seaport on the 
Caspian Sea. 

Questions. Give the number of square miles in 
Persia. Inhabitants. Situation. Striking character¬ 
istics. What is said of the climate and soil ? Chief 
products ? Agriculture and manufactures ? The Per¬ 
sians? Pastoral tribes? Persia in ancient times? 
Government? Teheran? Ispahan? Reshd? 

12. ARABIA. 

Square miles, 834,000. Population, 10,000,000. 

Arabia occupies a large peninsula in tlie 
south-west of Asia. 

It consists chiefly of broken mountains 
and sandy plains or deserts, interspersed 
with fertile spots; and is almost destitute 
of streams of water. 

The mountainous districts are temperate 
—the plains are excessively hot, and subject 
to a pestilential wind, called the Sirocco. 

In the fertile regions, coffee and fragrant 
spices are abundant. Dates, oranges, figs, 
and melons, grow spontaneously, and furn¬ 
ish the people with much of their food. 

The Arabian horse is fleet and beautiful. 
The camel is the most useful animal. The 
Arabs are proud, active, intelligent and hos¬ 
pitable to their guests, but rob all whom 
they meet in the desert. 

The Arabs are Mohammedans, and pre¬ 
serve the patriarchal form of government. 

The Bedouins are a wandering tribe, who 
live in the deserts and dwell in tents. They 


subsist principally on vegetables, and the 
milk of their camels and asses. 

The pearl banks, in the Persian gulf, give 
employment to nearly thirty thousand men. 

Mecca, the birth-place of Mohammed, is 
considered a sacred city, and resorted to by 
vast numbers of pilgrims. 

Medina contains the tomb of Mohammed, 
inclosed by magnificent mosques. It is 
called the “ City of the Prophet.” Mocha 



MOCHA. 


is the center of trade with Europe, and 
exports large quantities of coffee. Muscat, 
a seaport on the Indian ocean, is the grand 
emporium of Eastern Arabia, and a key to 
the entrance of the Persian Gulf. 

Questions. How many square miles in Arabia? 
Inhabitants ? Where is it situated ? Of what does 
it consist ? What is the soil ? Climate ? Name the 
products. What is said of the horse ? Camel ? De¬ 
scribe the Arabs. What is their religion and govern¬ 
ment? What can you say of the Bedouins? The 
pearl fisheries ? Mecca ? Medina ? Mocha ? Muscat ? 

13. TURKEY IN ASIA. 

Square miles, 538,000. Population, 10,000,000. 

Turkey in Asia extends from Arabia to 
the Black sea, and embraces Asia Minor 
and Syria. 



























140 AS 


It is remarkable for having been the seat 
of the most thrilling occurrences recorded 
in the Sacred Scriptures. 



MOSQUE OF OMAR. 


It is still an interesting country, and con¬ 
tains the ruins of the mighty Babylon, of 
Nineveh, Balbec, and Jerusalem. 

It consists of two plateaus and an exten¬ 
sive plain. The larger plateau occupies the 
wliole of its northern portion, and has an 
elevation of from four to five thousand feet; 
the other includes Syria and Palestine, and 
lies to the east of the Mediterranean. The 
plain forms the lower basin of the Euphrates 
and Tigris. 

The soil and climate present many varie¬ 
ties. The river banks and valleys are very 
fertile, but in the south are vast arid plains, 
and but few productions. The summits of 
the mountains are covered with snow, while 
the valleys have a tropical climate, and pro¬ 
duce the fruits of Southern Asia. 

Tlie chief products are grain, cotton, cof¬ 
fee, and tobacco. 


lA. 


Asiatic Turkey was once the seat of pow¬ 
erful empires. It has been conquered by 
one nation after another, and is now subject 
to the Turks. 

The inhabitants are ignorant and barbar¬ 
ous. They comprise a motley assemblage 
of Jews, Arabs, Moors, Tartars, Greeks, 
Turks, Armenians, &c. 

Syria is a country of Asiatic Turkey, 
bounded south by Arabia, and west by the 
Mediterranean, and a large part of it is very 
productive. The southern part of Syria is 
called Palestine. 

Jerusalem, the capital of ancient Pales¬ 
tine, is celebrated as the “Holy City” of 
the Jews, and the scene of many important 
events recorded in Scripture. It retains few 
traces of its ancient grandeur, except the 
foundation stones of some of its walls, and 
the remains of arclies, acqueducts and sub¬ 
terranean passage ways. 

Smyrna is the most populous city of Tur¬ 
key, and has an extensive trade and com¬ 
merce. Damascus is celebrated for its anti¬ 
quity, and the fineness of its manufactures. 
A highly fertile and beautiful country sur¬ 
rounds it. ' ' 

Questions. How many square miles has Turkey 
in Asia ? Inhabitants ? What is its situation ? What 
does it embrace ? For what is it remarkable ? What 
is its surface ? Climate and soil ? What are its chief 
products ? Of what was it once the seat ? Describe 
the inhabitants. Syria. What can you say of Jeru¬ 
salem ? Smyrna ? Damascus ? 


15. GEORGIA. 

Square miles, 28,800. Population, 300,000. 

Georgia is usually employed to designate 
the wdiole territory claimed by the Russians, 
between the Black and Caspian Seas, and 
south of the Caucasus mountains. 


















ASIA. 


The central part is occupied by a large 
and fertile valley, having a mild and health¬ 
ful climate. 

The soil in the valleys is very fertile, pro¬ 
ducing maize, hemp, flax, great quantities 
of wine and cotton, and also fine fruits. 

The natives are distinguished for their fine 
forms, and for the beauty of the women. 

The Georgians belong nominally to the 
Greek Church. 

Tiflis, the capital, is situated in a narrow 
valley on the Koor. It is the residence of 
the Russian governor, and is defended by 
walls and several forts. 

Questions. What is the extent of Georgia ? Popula¬ 
tion ? Where is it situated ? What is its surface ? Soil ? 
What are its productions ? For what are the natives 
distinguished ? What is said of the religion ? Tiflis ? 

16. INDEPENDENT TOORKISTAN. 

Square miles, 720,800. Population, 4,000,000. 

Independent Toorkistan extends from 
Chinese Tartary to the Caspian Sea, occu¬ 
pying the central portions of Asia. 


141 


It has an elevated surface, a mild climate, 
and abounds with vast deserts. 

The southern part of Independent Toor¬ 
kistan is called Bokhara, and is far the 
most fertile and best cultivated section. 
It was formerly the seat of a powerful 
empire. 

The principal productions are cotton, silk, 
wool, maize, and fruits. 

Various independent roving tribes inhabit 
this country, some of whom subsist by agri¬ 
culture, but more on their flocks. They 
are generally Mohammedans. 

Bokhara, the capital of the Khanat of 
Bokhara, is situated in a flat country, em¬ 
bosomed among the hills, and is enclosed by 
earthftrn ramparts. It has long been famous 
as a seat of Mohammedan learning. 

Questions. How many square miles in Independent 
Toorkistan ? Inhabitants ? How is it situated ? What 
is the surface and climate ? What abound ? What 
can you say of Bokhara? What are the principal 
productions of Toorkistan ? Who inhabit it ? How 
do they live ? Describe the city of Bokhara ? 


GENERAL QUESTIONS ON ASIA. 


In what part of Asia is Siberia ? Hindostan ? Ara¬ 
bia ? What divisions lie south of Siberia ? Where 
are the Ural mountains ? Stanovoi ? Ghauts ? Hin¬ 
doo Koosh ? Elbrooz ? Himalaya ? Where is Mount 
Sinai ? Ararat ? 

Where is Lake Baikal ? Lop Nor ? Zurrah ? 
Where is the river Obi ? What are its tributaries ? 
Where is the Amoor ? What are the principal rivers 
of China ? Where is the Irrawaddy ? Ganges ? In¬ 
dus ? Tigris ? Ural ? 

Where is cape Lopatka ? Cape Cambodia ? Cape 
Comorin ? Isthmus of Suez ? Nova Zembla ? For¬ 
mosa ? Singapore ? Ceylon ? Cyprus ? 

Where is the Gulf of Lena? Gulf of Siam? Gulf 
of Ormus ? Sea of Kara ? China Sea ? Arabian 
Sea ? Dead Sea ? Caspian Sea ? Channel of Tar¬ 
tary ? Strait of Corea ? Strait of Malacca ? Strait 
of Dardanelles ? Channel of Bosporus V 


What is the latitude of Calcutta ? Peking ? Mecca ? 
In what zones is Asia ? What division of Asia is 
crossed by the Arctic Circle ? What divisions by the 
Tropic of Cancer ? What is the climate of Siberia ? 
What are its minerals ? What is the most noted pro¬ 
duct of China ? How is Peking situated ? To what 
race do the Japanese belong ? What are the charac¬ 
teristics of the Mongol race ? For what is India dis¬ 
tinguished? What does Farther India comprise? 
How is Singapore situated ? What remarkable tree is 
found in Hindostan? In what have the Hindoos 
excelled ? What are the chief products of Persia ? 
The manufactures ? For what is Turkey remarkable V 
What ruins does it contain ? By whom is Toorkistan 
inhabited ? 

How would you sail from New York to Calcutta ? 
From Calcutta to Constantinople? Which of these 
three cities is the largest ? 















a 

\ 00 
: CO / 

• 

IS. 

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1 CO \ 























































































































































AFRICA. 

SQUARE MILES, 12,000,000. POPULATION, 00,000,000. 


KEY TO MAP NO. 8. 


COUNTRIES, CAPITALS AND CHIEF TOWNS. 

1 Morocco, 1 Morocco, 2 Rabat, 3 Mequinez, 4 

Fez. 

2 Algiers, 1 Algiers, 2 Oran, 3 Constantine, 4 

Bona. 

! 3 Tunis, 1 Tcnis, 2 Kairwan. 

4 Beled el Jereed, i Tooggoort. 

6 Tripoli, 1 Tripoli, 2 Mesurata. 

j 

j 6 Barca, 1 Der.ne, 2 Bengazi. 

I 7 Egypt, 1 Cairo, 2 Alexandria, 3 Rosetta, 4 

I Damietta, 6 Sioot. 

I 8 Nubia, 1 New Dongola, 2 Khartoom, 3 Sen- 
j naar. 

! 9 Abyssinia, l Gondar, 2 Massowah, 3 Antalo. 

10 Adel and Ajan, i Berbera, 2 Zeyla. 

11 Zanguebar, or Essawabil, l Magadoxo, 2 

I Mombas. 

I 

12 Mozambique, 1 Mozambique, 2 Quilimane, 3 

Sofala. 

I 13 Zooloo Country. 

14 Natal, 1 Pietermaritzburg. 

15 Kaffraria. 

16 Bosjesman’s Country, i Kurrichane, 2 Lat- 

j takoo. 

I 

j 17 Cape Colony, l Cape Town, 2 Graham’s Town, 

3 Georgetown. 

18 Hottentot. 

19 Cimbebas. 

20 Lower Guinea, l Loango, 2 San Salvador, 3 St. 

Paul’s de Loanda, 4 New Benguela. 


21 Upper Guinea, 1 Coomassie, 2 Abomey, 3 Benin, 

4 Abbeokoota. 

22 Liberia, 1 Monrovia. 

23 Sierra Leone, i Freetown, 

24 Senegambia, l Bathurst, 2 St. Louis, 3 Teem- 

boo. 

25 Fezzan, 1 Moorzook, 2 Zueela. 

26 Soodan, 1 Kemmoo, 2 Sego, 3 Timbuctoo, 4 

Saccatoo, 5 Kobbe, 6 Obeid, *7 
Booda, 8 Katunga, 9 Kano, 10 
Angornou. 

27 Ethiopia. 

28 Madagascar, l Tananarivoo, 2 Tamatav, 3 Man 

anzary. 


OCEANS, SEAS, GULFS AND BAYS. 

1 Indian Ocean, 

2 Atlantic Ocean, 

3 Mediterranean Sea, 

4 Gulf of Cabes, 

6 Gulf of Sidra, 

6 Red Sea, 

*7 Gulf of Aden, 

8 Delagoa Bay, 

9 Algoa Bat, 

10 St. Helena Bat, 

11 Cruz Bat, 

12 Walvisch Bay, 

13 Great Fish Bat, 

14 Gulf of Guinea, 

15 Bight of Biafra, 

16 Bight of Benin, 

U Antongill Bay, 

18 Bembatooka Bat. 





















144 AFRICA. 

STRAITS, CHANNELS AND SOUNDS. 

1 

1 MOUNTAINS, DESERTS AND OASES. 

19 Strait of Gibraltar, 

1 61 Atlas, 

20 Strait op Bab-el-Mandeb, 

62 Miltseen, 

21 Mozambique Channel. 

63 Kong, 

ISLANDS. 

64 Cameroon’s, 

65 Mts. of the Moon, 

66 Abba Yaret, 

67 Kenia, 

22 Abd-el-Curia, 

68 Kilimandjaro, 

23 Socotra, 

69 Radama, 

24 Seychelles Islands, 

70 Red, 

26 Amirante Islands, 

71 Lupata, 

26 Pemba, 

72 Snow, 

27 Zanzibar, 

I 73 Crystal, 

28 Monfia, 

74 Sahara Desert, 

29 Comoro, 

75 Libyan Desert, 

30 Madagascar, 

76 Nubian Desert, 

31 Mauritius, 

77 Desert of Challehenga, 

32 Bourbon, 

78 Oasis of Seewah, 

33 St. Helena, 

79 Oasis of Tuat, 

34 Ascension, 

80 Oa.sis of Tibesti, 

35 Annobon, 

81 Oasis of Bilmah, 

36 St. Thomas, 

82 Oasis of Agadez. 

37 Prince’s, 

38 Fernando Po, 

89 Cape Verde Islands, 

LAKES. 

40 Canary Islands, 

41 Madeip^i Islands, 

83 Melgig, 

42 Azores Islands. 

84 SlBKAII, 

ISTHMUS AND CAPE& 

85 Tchad, 

86 Fittre, 

87 Dembea, 

88 Ukerewe, 

43 Isthmus of Suez, 

89 Nyassi, or Maravi, 

90 Ngami, 

44 Bon, 

91 Debo. 

45 Guardafui, 

46 Orfui, 

47 Bassas, 

48 Delgado, 

RIVERS. 

49 Ambro, 

92 Nile, 

60 St. Mary, 

93 White, 

61 CORRIENTES, 

94 Gojkb, 

52 Agulhas, 

95 Blue, 

63 Good Hope, 

96 Tacazze, 

54 Cross, 

97 Haine 

66 Frio, 

98 Juba, 

56 Palmas, 

99 Ozi, 

67 Verde, 

100 Sabaki, 

68 Blanco, 

101 Matoni, 

69 Bojador, 

102 Zambeze, 

60 Noon. 

103 Orange, 














AFRICA. 145 

104 Vaal, 

112 Volta, 

105 Bembarocghe, 

113 St. Paul’s, 

106 COANZA, 

114 Rio Grande, 

107 Ambriz, 

116 Gambia, 

108 Congo, 

116 Senegal, 

109 Umbre, 

117 Yeoo, 

110 Niger, 

118 SlIARY, 

111 Chadda, 

119 Misselad. 

QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF AFRICA. 

Bound Africa. In what zones is it situated ? Point 

ISTHMUS AND CAPES. 

out its chief divisions on the map. What states bor- 

What isthmus connects Africa with Asia ? 43. 

der on the Mediterranean Sea? On the Red? On 

Which is the most northern cape of Africa? 44. 

the Indian Ocean ? Atlantic? What states have no 

Eastern? 45. Southern? 52. Western? 57. What 

sea-coast ? What states are crossed by the Equator ? 

capes on the eastern coast south of Cape Guardafui ? 

What by the Tropic of Cancer ? What by the Tropic 

46—48, 51. Which is the most northern cape of 

of Capricorn ? 

Madagascar ? 49. Southern ? 60. What capes on 
the coast of Cimbebas ? 54, 55. On the coast of 
Liberia? 56. On the western coast north of Cape 

OCEANS, SEAS, GULFS AND BAYS. 

Verde? 58-60. 

What ocean east of Africa? 1. West? 2. 


What sea north ? 3. Between Africa and Asia ? 6. 

MOUNTAINS, DESERTS AND OASES. 

What gulfs north of Africa ? 4, 5. What gulf 

AVhat mountains in the north of Africa ? 61. What 

north of Adel and Ajan ? 7. 

mountains in the east? 66-68, 71. North of Ethi- 

What bay south of Mozambique? 8. South of 

opia ? 65. In Cape Colony ? 72. East of Lower 

Cape Colony? 9. West? 10. West of Hottentot 

Guinea? 73. North of Upper Guinea? 63. What 

Country? 11. West of Lower Guinea? 13. What 

mountains on the island of Madagascar ? 69, 70. 

gulf south of Upper Guinea? 14. 

What large desert north of Soodan ? 74. South of 

What strait at the entrance of the Mediterranean 

Barca? 75. In Nubia? 76. Mention the principal 

Sea? 19. Red? 20. 

oases in the Desert of Sahara. 79-82. What desert 

What channel between Mozambique and Madagas¬ 
car? 21. 

in the southern part of Ethiopia ? 77. 


LAKES AND RIVERS. 

Which is the largest lake in Soodan ? 85. In Ethi- 

ISLANDS. 

opia? 89. 

What island at the entrance of the Gulf of Aden ? 

What river flows into the Mediterranean ? 92. What 

23. What large island south-east of Africa ? 30. 

are its principal branches ? 93, 95, 96. What are the 

What two clusters of islands north-east of Madagas- 

principal rivers flowing into the Indian Ocean ? 98 

car? 24, 25. What islands east? 31, 32. What 

102. What river between Cape Colony and Hottcn- 

islands between Madagascar and the continent ? 29. 

tot Country ? 103. What river forms the northern 

What islands in the Gulf of Guinea? 35-37. What 

boundary of Cimbebas ? 105. What three rivers from 

island in the Atlantic Ocean between ten and twenty 

Lower Guinea flow into the Atlantic ? 106-108. What 

degrees south latitude ? 33. Between the Equator 

large river from Soodan flows into the Gulf of Guinea ? 

and ten degrees south latitude ? 34. What cluster of 

110. What rivers in Senegambia ? 114-116. What 

islands west of Senegambia? 39. South-west of 

rivers flow into Lake Tchad? 117, 118. What one 

Morocco? 40. North west? 41, 42. 

into Lake Fittre? 119. 






























AFRICA. 


Africa is wliolly surrounded by water, 
except where the Isthmus of Suez connects 
it with Arabia. 

It has a coast line of upwards of fifteen 
thousand miles, hut it is nowhere indented 
by any great gulf or bay, except by the Gulf 
of Guinea on the west coast. 

It is about 5000 miles in extreme length, 
and 4,800 in its greatest breadth, containing 
12,000,000 square miles. 

It has three principal ranges of moun¬ 
tains, and numerous extensive deserts. 

The climate of most of Africa is exceed¬ 
ingly hot, and rain seldom falls. It is sub¬ 
ject to scorching winds. 

The well watered sections are exceedingly 
fertile, and yield the richest tropical pro¬ 
ducts. The deserts are barren tracts of 
dry, burning sand. 


It has rich mines of gold ; and iron, cop¬ 
per and salt, are found in some parts. 

Africa contains a great variety of wild 
animals. The principal are the lion, leo¬ 
pard, T^amelopard, elephant, rhinoceros, hip¬ 
popotamus, panther, hyena, zebra, and 
antelope. 

The most useful animals are the camel 
and the ass. The former requires little 
food, while it supplies the owner with milk. 

There is a great variety of birds, of which 
the ostrich is the largest, and dwells in the 
deserts. The vulture is next in size and 
very ferocious. 

Monkeys, insects, reptiles, and enormous 
serpents and alligators, are also very numer¬ 
ous. 

Northern Africa is chiefly inhabited by 
Europeans, who are generally Mohamme- 


DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 























AFRI 


dans, and in various stages of civilization. 
Negroes inhabit the central and southern 
parts, most of whom are Pagans, and live 
in a barbarous state. 

Africa contained in ancient times, many 
wealthy and enlightened nations, and is 
distinguished for its antiquities. 

QaESTiONS. What is the position of Africa ? What 
is said of its coast? What is the size of Africa? 
What is said of its mountains and deserts ? Climate ? 
Soil and productions? Minerals? Wild animals? 
Useful animals ? Birds ? Other animals ? By whom 
is Africa inhabited? What did Africa formerly con¬ 
tain ? 


BARBARY STATES. 

These states border on the Mediterranean 
Sea, and comprise the states of Morocco, 
Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, and the districts of 
Barca and Beled-el-Jereed. They are tra¬ 
versed by the Atlas mountains, and contain 
elevated table lands. 

The climate is warm, the soil fertile, and 
the productions resemble those of southern 
Europe. 

Noxious animals and ferocious lions, pan¬ 
thers and hyenas, also serpents and scorpions 
of the most deadly venom, roam here. 

Agriculture is not well understood, and 
manufactures and commerce are very limited. 

The inhabitants are chiefly Moors, Jews, 
Berbers, and Arabs. 

1. MOROCCO. 

Square miles, 222,000. Population, 8,600,000. 

Morocco, the ancient Mauritania, includes 
the kingdom of Morocco, Fez, and Tafilet. 
It yields an abundance of fruit and grain 
and is noted for the manufacture of morocco 
leather. Horses, cattle and sheep, are nu¬ 


CA. 147 


merous. From the latter, wool of the finest 
quality is obtained in large quantities. 

Morocco, the capital, is situated in a fer¬ 
tile plain, and is surrounded by a wall 
thirty feet in height. The streets are nar¬ 
row, irregular and unpaved. It ccmtains 
many elegant mosques. 

Fez was formerly an important city, but 
is now much decayed. It has a variety of 
manufactures of the common articles of 
clothing. It contains upwards of two hun¬ 
dred mosques. 


2. ALGIERS. 

Square miles, 90,000. Population, 2,500,000. 
Algiers, formerly called Numidia, is a 
mountainous country lying on the Mediter¬ 
ranean, east of Morocco. 



A STREET IN ALGIERS. 


It has a very variable though salubrious 
climate, and a soil which is rendered fertile 
by irrigation. The principal productions 
are figs, pomegranates, oranges, lemons, 
and dates. 

It has extensive coral fisheries. 

It is now a French colonial province, un¬ 
der the supreme power of a governor-gen- 














AFRICA. 


148 


erai, appointed by the French Govern¬ 
ment. 

Algiers, the capital, is strongly fortified, 
and has some commerce. It is rapidly im¬ 
proving in its appearance. 


3. TUNIS. 

Square miles, 70,000. Population, 2,500,000. 

Tunis, the ancient Carthage, lies next 
east of Algiers, and is the most fertile and 
flourishing of the Barbary States. 

Owing to the extortions of government, 
agriculture is very much neglected. 

It is rich in mineral products. 

The government is nominally tributary 
to the Turkish sultan. - . . 

Tunis, the capital, is about twelve miles 
from the ruins of Carthage, and one of the 
finest cities in Africa. It has an extensive 
trade. 


4. BELED EL JEREED. 

Square miles, 140,000. Population, 500,000. 

Beled el Jereed is a narrow but extensive 
tract of land, lying between the Atlas 
mountains and the Great Desert. The soil 
is generally sterile, but the country con¬ 
tains several oases fertile in dates. It is 
inhabited by nomadic tribes. 


5. TRIPOLI. 

Square miles, 105,000. Population, 1,500,000. 

Tripoli is a barren and thinly populated 
state. Much of its surface is a desert, but 
some of its plains are very fertile. On these 
rich crops of wheat, barley, millet, and In¬ 
dian corn, are grown. 

The government is an unlimited and bar¬ 
barous despotism. 


Tripoli, the capital, is situated on the 
Mediterranean, and has a good harbor. 


6. BARCA. 

Square miles, 35,000. Population, 300,000. 

Barca is a maritime country, east of Tri¬ 
poli. It is fertile along the coast, but the 
interior and southern part is desert. It has 
no permanent rivers, but numerous moun¬ 
tain torrents. 

It belongs to Tripoli. Derne is the capital. 

Questions. Name the Barbary States. Give the 
square miles and population of each. \Yhat is said 
of their surface ? Climate, soil and productions ? 
Noxious animals ? Agriculture, manufactures and 
commerce ? Inhabitants ? 

Describe Morocco. Its productions and manufac¬ 
tures. Its animals. Its capital. 

De.scribe Fez. Algiers. Its climate and soil. Pro¬ 
ductions. Government. Its capital. 

Describe Tunis. Its agriculture. Minerals. Gov¬ 
ernment. Its capital. 

Describe Beled el Jereed. 

Describe Tripoli. Its government. Its capital. 

Describe Barca. Deme. 

7. EGYPT. 

Square miles, 180,000. Population, 2,890,000. 

' Egsrpt, a country in the north-eastern 
part of Africa, comprises the narrow valley 
of the Nile, with extensive deserts on either 
side. This valley, throughout its whole 
extent, is hemmed in on both sides by con¬ 
tinuous chains of hills. Those on the east 
side approach more closely to the river. 

The climate is remarkable for its uni¬ 
formity. In the upper part, rain is hardly 
known, but the Nile overflows its banks, 
leaving behind a rich loam, that annually 
yields two or three crops. 















AFRICA. 


149 


Rice, cotton, wheat, maize, barley, durra, 
a kind of grain, and fruits, grow in great 
luxuriance. 

Considerable attention is given to agri¬ 
culture, though the system of husbandry is 
probably the same now that it was thou¬ 
sands of years ago. 



TFJE SPHTSX AND PYRAMIDS. 


Much trade is carried on by means of 
caravans. Canals have been constructed, 
and a railroad extends from iUexandria to 
Cairo. 

Egypt is governed by a Pasha, subject to 
Turkey, who encourages education and the 
arts. The prevailing religion is the Mo¬ 
hammedan. 

Egypt was anciently a wealthy and power¬ 
ful kingdom. Many stupendous ruins of 
its former glory still remain. Pyramids, 
obelisks and catacombs are scattered over 
the country. The largest pyramid is near 
Cairo. It is 500 feet high and covers eleven 
acres. The ruins of Thebes extend several | 


miles, and are among the most magnificent 
in the world. 

Cairo, the capital, is the largest city in 
Africa, and the center of trade with Europe 
and Asia. The streets are narrow, crooked, 
ill-paved and unfit for the passage of car¬ 
riages. 

Alexandria was once renowned in the 
arts and sciences. It is the principal sea¬ 
port of Egypt and connected by means of 
steam vessels with the chief ports of the 
Mediterranean. 

Questions. What is the extent of Egypt ? Pop¬ 
ulation ? What does Egypt comprise ? What is 
said of the valley of the Nile? What is said of the 
climate ? Soil ? Productions ? Agriculture and 
trade ? Government and religion ? What vras Egypt 
anciently ? Describe the pyramid near Cairo. Ruins 
of Thebes. Cairo. Alexandria. 


8. NUBIA. 

Square miles, 800,000. Population, 500,000. 

Nubia is situated south of Egypt, on the 
shore of the Red Sea. 

It consists chiefly of mountains and sandy 
deserts. The cultivated portion occupies 
the narrow valley of the Nile, and yields 
cotton, barley, tobacco, and palm trees. 

The climate is hot and dry, but healthful. 

The Nubians belong to the Arabian and 
Ethiopian races. They are of a dark-brown 
complexion; bold, frank, cheerful, and sim¬ 
ple in manners. 

Nubia is divided into petty kingdoms, 
subject to the pasha of Egypt. 

Magnificent ruins abound; the principal 
one of which is the temple of Ipsambul, 
which is cut out of a solid rock. It is 
supposed to be 2000 years old, but is in a 
state of complete preservation. 













150 AFRICA, 



TEMPLE OF IPSAMBL'L. 


New Dongola, the capital, is important 
as a military depot and place of trade. 

Kiiartoom, the capital of a province of 
Nubia, is regularly built and very flourish¬ 
ing. 

Questions. How many square miles has Nubia ? 
"What is its population ? What is the surface of 
Nubia? Productions? Climate? Who inhabit it? 
IIow is it divided ? What is said of its ruins ? Netv 
Dongola ? Khartoom ? 


9. ABYSSINIA. 

Square miles, 250,000. Population, 280,000. 

Abyssinia, comprised in the ancient Ethi¬ 
opia, is a country of East Africa, south of 
Nubia. It is a mountainous country, with 
an agreeable climate and fertile soil. 

Wheat, barley, oats, maize, rice, a small 
grain called teff, fruits, and honey, are the 
chief products. The minerals are iron ore, 
rock-salt and gold. Ivory and gold are the 
principal exports. 

The inhabitants are Jews, Arabs and 


Negroes. Their religion is a 
curious mixture of the Jewish 
and Pagan religions. 

The government is divided 
up among several petty states. 

Gondar, the capital city, is j 
twenty miles from lake Pern- , 
bea; it contains a ruined pal¬ 
ace and was formerly a royal 
residence, but is now a meanly j 
built town. 

Massoioah, the principal 
seaport town, ^is on a small : 
island in the Red Sea. i 

Questions. What is the extent 
of Abyssinia ? Population ? IIow 
is Abyssinia situated ? What is the j 
surface ? Climate and soil ? What 
are the productions ? Minerals ? Exports ? What 
is said of the inhabitants ? The government ? Gon¬ 
dar ? Massowah ? 


EASTERN AFRICA. 

Eastern Africa comprises all the coast 
between Abyssinia and the Tropic of Cap¬ 
ricorn. In consequence of the excessive 
heat, numerous wild animals, and ferocious 
natives, it has been little explored. 


10. ADEL AND xUAN. 

Adel and Ajan are noted for their gold, 
ivory, frankincense and myrrh. 

Berbera is a seaport station on a bay of 
the gulf of Aden. An annual fair is held 
here from October till April, at which 
from ten to twenty thousand people as¬ 
semble. 

Zeyla stands on a low sandy cape on the 
straits of Bab-el-Mandeb. 
























AFRICA. 


11. ZANGUEBAR. 

Zanguebar contains several independent 
states, and has a number of unimportant 
towns. 

The trade is chiefly in the hands of the 
Arabs. 

Ma^adoxo is a maritime town, enclosed 
by stone walls, and divided into two parts, 
one composed wholly of tombs. 

12. MOZAMBIQUE. 

Mozambique nominally belongs to the 
Portuguese. Its trade consists principally 
in gold and ivory. 

Mozambique, the residence of the Portu¬ 
guese Governor, is situated on an island 
near the coast. It has a good anchorage for 
ships. 

Questions. "What does Eastern Africa comprise? 
wliat has prevented its being explored ? 

For what are Adel and Ajan noted ? Describe Ber- 
bera. Zeyla. 

Describe Zanguebar. What is said of the trade ? 
Of Magadoxo? 

What is said of Mozambique ? Describe Mozam¬ 
bique. 

SOUTHERN AFRICA. 

Southern Africa includes Zooloo Coun¬ 
try, Natal, Kaflfraria, Bosjesman’s Country, 
Capo Colony, and Hottentot Country. 

13. ZOOLOO COUNTRY. 

This is a small extent of territory, and 
lies south of Mozambique. 

14. NATAL. 

Natal, a colonial possession of Great Brit¬ 
ain, lies south of Zooloo Country. 


151 


The surface is undulating, well watered, 
the soil generally fertile, and the climate 
healthy. 

Cotton and indigo grow wild. The other 
productions are coffee, sugar, wheat, and | 
tobacco. I 

Iron is abundant, and a superior kind of 1 
coal is found. * | 

Pietermaritzburg, the capital, is fifty 
miles inland. 


15. KAFFRARIA. 

Kaffraria, a country in South-eastern 
Africa, is level near the coast; the western 
portion is varied. The soil is generally fer¬ 
tile. The principal productions arc maize, 
millet, and melons. 

The Kaffres arc tall and well-formed. 
Their color is a dark gray. The men arc 
chiefly engaged in war, and in the care of 
their cattle. 


16. BOSJESMAN’S COUNTRY. 

This country lies north-west of Natal and 
Kaffraria. 

The inhabitants, a race of Hottentots, are 
of small stature and of a savage disposition. 


17. CAPE COLONY. 

Cape Colony, occupying the southern ex¬ 
tremity of Africa, consists of several plat¬ 
eaus and mountain ranges, rising one above 
another. 

The climate is changeable; the alterna¬ 
tions of heat and cold being frequently 
great and sudden. 

The soil is fertile on the coast, and pro- j 
duces an abundance of grain, fruits, and > 



















162 AFRICA. 


good pasturage. Large herds of cattle are 
kept by the farmers, or boors. 

Cape Colony belongs to Great Britain, 
and is inhabited by English, Dutch, and 
Hottentots. 

Cape Town, the capital, is a fortified sea¬ 
port, regularly laid out with broad streets 
lined with shade’ trees. It has a royal 


observatory and other public buildings, 
and is visited annually by a large number 
of vessels. 


What is said of Cape Colony ? Its climate ? Soil ? 
Cattle ? To whom does it belong ? Describe Cape 
Town. 

Describe the Hottentots. 


WESTERN AFRICA. 

Western Africa embraces the coast from 
the Tropic of Capricorn to the Great Des¬ 
ert. It is remarkable for its 
fertility, luxuriant vegeta¬ 
tion, and vast numbers of 
wild animals. 

It is inhabited by degraded 
Negroes, many of whom wor¬ 
ship reptiles. They are sub¬ 
ject to vindictive chiefs. 

Cimbebas, Lower and Up¬ 
per Guinea, Liberia, Sierra 
Leone, and Senegambia, are 
its divisions. 

19. CIMBEBAS. 
Cimbebas lies north of 
Cape Colony, and is but little known. It is 
inhabited by an inoffensive farming com¬ 
munity, who reside chiefly in the interior. 



CAPE TOWN AND TABLE MOUNT. 


18. HOTTENTOT COUNTRY. 

The Hottentots are stupid and degraded. 
The wild Hottentots, called Bushmen, are a 
miserable race, living like wild beasts, and 
subsisting on roots, insects, and reptiles. 

Questions. What does South Africa include ? 

What is said of the Zooloo Country. 

What is said of Natal ? Its surface, soil and cli¬ 
mate ? Productions ? Minerals ? Pietermaritzburg ? 

What is said of Kaffraria ? The Kaffres ? 

What is said of Bosjesman’s Country ? The inhab¬ 
itants ? 


20. LOWER GUINEA. 

This is a fertile and thickly populated 
country, embracing a number of different 
states. 

The northern part is little known. The 
central and southern portions belong to the 
Portuguese. 

The trade consists of ebony, palm-oil, 
and gold-dust. 

Its principal divisions are Loango, Congo, 
Angola and Benguela. The palm tree is 
the most useful production. 


















AFRICA. 153 


21. UPPER GUINEA. 

This state is "situated between the Kong 
Mountains and the Gulf of Guinea, and 
contains several native kingdoms. 

It has a large trade in gold-dust and 
ivory. 

Most of its inhabitants are deeply degraded 
and ferocious. Thousands of human beings 
are sometimes sacrificed at the death of a 
king. 

The British, Dutch, and Danes, have sev¬ 
eral small garrisons on the coast. 


22. LIBERIA. 

Square miles, 26,000. Population, 250,000. 

Liberia lies on the coast, west of Upper 
Guinea. It is well watered, and the soil is 
fertile, producing cotton, colfee, sugar-cane, 
dye-woods, and fruits. 

It was established by the American Col¬ 
onization Society in 1821, as a home for 
emancipated and free negroes. 

It is a republic, the government consist¬ 
ing of a president, vice-president, senate, 
and a house of representatives. 

Monrovi.\ is the capital and principal 
town, and lias a number of schools, churches, 
and a public library. 


23. SIERRA LEONE. 

1 Square miles, 25,000. Population, 45,000. 

I This is a small British settlement, made 
' in 1787, for the purpose of putting a 
I stop to the slave trade, and civilizing 
' Africa. 

' Freetown, the capital, is regularly built, 
and contains the government offices, bar- 
i racks, and various schools. 


24. SENEGAMBIA. 

This extensive region in Western Africa, 
includes all the countries lying on the Sen¬ 
egal and Gambia rivers. The climate is 
extremely hot, and the soil well watered 
and fertile. 

The principal productions are palm-oil, 
ivory, gold-dust and gums. 

It is densely populated, and trades in ivo¬ 
ry and gold-dust, with the English, French, 
and Portuguese, who have settlements on 
the coast. 


25. FEZZAN. 

Pezzan is a kingdom of Africa, bounded 
on all sides by the Sahara, or Great Desert, 
except on the north. 

The northern part consists of ranges of 
mountains perfectly barren; in the south, 
sandy plains, destitute of vegetation, alter¬ 
nate witli low hills and valleys, wliich con 
tain all the cultivated soil in the country. 

The principal products are dates, figs, 
pomegranates and garden vegetables. 

It has considerable trade, carried on by 
caravans. 

The country is governed by a chief with 
the rank of sultan. 

Questions. What does Western Africa embrace ? 
For what is it remarkable ? By whom is it inhabited ? 
What are its principal divisions ? 

Describe Cimbebas. 

Describe Lower Guinea. To whom does it belong? 
What is said of its trade ? What are its principal 
divisions. 

Describe Upper Guinea. What is said of its trade ? 
Inhabitants ? 

How is Liberia situated ? "What is said of its soil 
and productions ? When was it colonized ? W’'hat 
is its government ? Describe Monrovia. 

Describe Sierra Leone. Freetown. 















AFRICA. 


154 


What is said of Senegainbia? Climate? Soil? 
Productions ? Trade ? 

How is Fezzan situated ? What is said of the sur¬ 
face and soil? Productions? Trade? How is it 
governed ? 


CENTRAL AFRICA. 

This section includes all the interior of 
Africa south of the Great Desert, embrac¬ 
ing Ethiopia and Soodan. 

20. SOODAN. 

Soodan has been only partially explored. 
It is a large, fertile and populous tract, em¬ 
bracing the valley of the Niger, and abounds 
with valuable tropical jiroducts. 

It is divided into a large number of states, 
ruled by petty chiefs, called kings. The 
inliabitants are generally humane and in¬ 
dustrious. 

Tlicre arc a number of large cities, of 
which Timbuctoo is the most important. 

27. ETHIOPIA. 

This is a vast country in Central Africa, 
lying south of the Mountains of the Moon. ! 

It is for the most part an unexplored and 
unknown region. Decent travelers have 
represented the country as extremely popu¬ 
lous, containing regularly organized gov¬ 
ernments. 

QuESTidNS. What does Central Africa include? 

What is said of Soodan ? How is it divided ? 
What is said of the inhabitants ? Cities ? 

What is said of Ethiopia ? 


AFRICAN ISLANDS. 

28. MADAGASCAR. 

This island is in the Indian Ocean about 


one hundred miles from Africa. It is 1,000 
miles in length with an average breadth of 
240 miles, having an area a little larger 
than France. 

It is low and level on the coast, and in 
the interior, mountainous. The heat in 
the low lands is often intense, and rains are 
nearly constant, rendering the climate of 
the coast very unhealthful, both to natives 
and Europeans. In the interior it is salu¬ 
brious. 

Its vegetable productions are rich and 
varied, containing many species of plants 
not found elsewhere. Cotton, sugar-cane, 
tobacco, hemp, and rice, arc cultivated. 
Ginger, pepper, and indigo grow wild in 
the woods. It has also a variety of fruits, 
among which are the orange, peach, citron, 
and mulberry. 

The population appears to have sprung 
from different races, but has a perfect 
unity of language. Tliougli nearly in a 
barbarous condition,- the people have 
manufactures of iron utensils and of 
cloths. 

The government is a monarchical des¬ 
potism. The religion is pagan. 

Tananarivoo, the capital, is near the cen¬ 
ter of the island. It is little known by 
Europeans, but is reported to be large, and 
to have manufactures of gold and silver 
chains, and of silk stuffs. 

Bourbon and Mauritius arc fertile isl¬ 
ands. Coffee and sugar are the chief pro¬ 
ducts. Bourbon has a volcano constantly 
burning. 

Seychelles and Amirante Islands arc de¬ 
pendencies of Mauritius. Both produce 
cotton and cocoa-nuts. 















AFRICA. 


Pemba, Zanzibar and Monfla are fertile 
islands belonging to Muscat. 

Socotra, an island in the Indian ocean, 
one hundred and twenty miles from cape 
Guardafui, is inhabited principally by the 
Bedouins. It produces aloes of the finest 
quality. It belongs to the Sultan of Ke- 
shin. 

The chief islands on the western coast, 
arc the Azores, iMadeira, Canary, and Cape 
Verde islands. 

Excepting the Cape Verde islands, they 


155 


have a mild healthful climate, a fertile Mjil, 
and produce wine and various kinds of 
grain and fruits in abundance. 

The island of St. Helena is noted as the 
place of Napoleon’s exile and death. 

Questions. "What is Madagascar ? Its size ? 
Surface ? Climate ? Productions ? What is said of 
the population ? Manufactures ? Government ? 
Religion ? Tananarivoo ? 

What is said of Bourbon and Mauritius ? Sey¬ 
chelles and Amirante ? Pemba, Zanzibar and Mon- 
fia? Socotra? What are the principal islands on 
the western coast? What is said of their climate, 
soil, and productions ? For what is St. Helena noted. 


GENERAL QUESTIONS ON AFRICA. 


IIow is Africa bounded ? In which direction is it 
the longest? With what other grand division is it 
connected? What states lie north of the Sahara 
De.sert ? What states border on the Red Sea? What 
large state south of the Sahara Desert? AVhat coun¬ 
try occupies the greater part of Central Africa? 
What state extends farthest south ? East ? West ? 

Where are the Atlas Mountains ? The Mountains 
of the Moon? Snow Mountains? Crystal Moun¬ 
tains? Where is the Sahara Desert? Libyan Des¬ 
ert? Nubian Desert ? 

What large river in Eastern Africa flowing north ? 
Where is the Zambeze ? Orange ? Coanga ? Congo ? 
Niger ? Senegal ? Gambia ? Where is Lake Tchad ? 
Lake Dembea? LakeNyassi? LakeNgami? 

Where is the Gulf of Sidra? Gulf of Aden ? St. 
Helena Bay? Gulf of Guinea? Where is the Red 
Sea ? Mozambique Channel ? 

Where is Socotra ? Madagascar ? Zanzibar ? Mau¬ 
ritius? St. Helena? Ascension? Cape Verde I.sl- 


ands? Canary Lslands ? Azores? Cape Bon? Cape 
Guardafui? Cape Palmas? Cape Verde? 

What is the latitude of Cape Bon ? Cape of Good 
Hope? Straits of Bab el Mandeb? Between what 
meridians of longitude is Africa situated ? In what 
zone is the greater part of Africa ? What states in 
the North Temperate Zone ? In the South Temperate 
Zone? 

What is the climate of the Barbary States ? Of 
Egypt? Of Nubia? Of Cape Colony? Of Mada¬ 
gascar? What fruits grow in Northern Africa? 
What grains? What are the productions of Egypt? 
Of Liberia ? What animals are found in the Barbary 
States ? For what are Adel and Ajan noted ? What 
countries have a trade in ivory ? In what countries 
is gold found ? What other minerals in Africa ? 

What ruins in Egypt ? In Nubia? Describe Cairo. 
Alexandria. Cape Town. Monrovia. What is the 
character of the inhabitants of Western Africa? 
What is the government of Egypt ? 
















o 
































































































































































OCEANICA 


SQUARE MILES, 4,400,000. POPULATION, 23,500,000. 


KEY TO MAP NO. 9 


OCEANS AND SEAS. 

1 Pacific Ocean, 

2 Indian Ocean, 

8 China Sea, 

4 Coral Sea. 


ISLANDS. 

1 Polynesia. 

5 Bonin Islands, 

6 Magellan’s Archipelago, 

7 Guadalcpe, 

8 Anson’s Archipelago, 

9 Sandwich Islands, 

10 Oahu, 

11 Hawaii, or Owhyhee, 

12 Palmyras, 

13 America Islands, 

14 Christmas, 

15 Marquesas Islands, 

16 Nookaheeta, 

17 St. Paul’s, 

18 Easter, 

19 Ducie, 

20 Pitcairn, 

21 Gambier Islands, 

22 Pearl Islands, 

23 Palliser Islands, 

24 Society Islands, 

25 Tahiti, 

26 Austral Islands, 

27 Cook’s Islands, 

28 Kermadec Islands, 

29 Friendly Islands, 

30 Hapai Islands, 

31 Tonga Islands, 

32 Feejee Islands, 


33 

Navigator Islands, 

34 

Central Archipelago, 

35 

Mitchell’s Islands, 

36 

Be Peyster’s Islands, 

37 

Taswell’s Islands, 

38 

Gilbert’s Archipelago, 

39 

Scarborough’s Range, 

40 

Mulgrave Islands, 

41 

Radack Islands, 

42 

Caroline Islands, 

43 

Ulalan, 

44 

Strong’s, 

45 

Torres, 

46 

Mortlock Islands, 

47 

Hall Islands, 

48 

Egoi Islands, 

49 

Pelew Islands, 

60 

St. Andrew’s Islands, 

51 

Ladrone Islands. 

Australasia. 

52 

Australia. 


3 North Australia. 

4 New South Wales, 1 Brisbane, 2 Sydney. 

5 Victoria, 3 Melbourne, 4 Portland. 

0 South Australia, 5 Adelaide. 

7 West Australia, 6 Albany, 7 Freeman tie, 8 
Perth. 


53 Melville, 

64 Arroo Islands, 

55 New Guinea, 

66 Admiralty Islands, 

67 New Ireland, 

68 New Britain, 

69 Louisiade, 













15S 


OCEANIC A. 


60 New Georgia, 

61 Solomon’s Archipelago, 

62 Rennel Islands, 

63 Egmont, 

64 New IIedrides, 

65 New Caledonia, 

66 Norfolk, 

67 New Zealand, 

68 New Ulster, 

69 New Munster, 

70 New Leinster, 

71 Chatham, 

72 Van Diemen’s Land, 1 Hobart Town. 


8 Malaysia. 

73 Sumatra, 

74 Banca, 

75 Java, 

76 Borneo, 


81 

82 

83 

84 


77 Celebes, 

78 SooLOO Islands, 

79 Phillipine Islands, 

80 Luzon, 1 Manilla. 

Samar, 

Mindoro, 

Palawan, 

Mindanao, 

85 Sangir, 

86 Spice Islands, 

87 Gilolo, 

88 Timor, 

89 Flores, 

90 Sandalwood, 

91 SUMBAWA, 

92 Bally Islands, 

93 Keeling. 


1 Acheen, 2 Padang, 3 Pa- 
lembang, 4 Bcucoolen. 

1 Batavia, 2 Samarang. 

1 Borneo, 2 Baujcmassiu, 3 
Sarawak. 

1 Macassar. 


GULFS AND BAYS. 

94 Cambridge Gulf, 

95 Gulf of Carpentaria, 

96 Halifax Bay, 

97 Botany Bay, 

98 Spencer’s Gulf, 

99 Shark’s Bay, 

100 Bay of Islands, 

101 Bay of Plenty, 


STRAITS. 


102 Malacca, 

103 SUNDA, 

104 Macassar, 

105 Torres, 

106 Bass, 

107 Cook’s, 

108 Foveaux. 


CAPES. 

109 Engano, 

110 Rodney, 

111 York, 

112. Flattery, 

113 Townsend, 

114 Sandy, 

115 Howe, 

116 Chatham, 

117 Leeuwin, 

118 North West, 

119 Leveque, 

120 Bougainville, 

121 Maria Van Diemen. 


MOUNTAINS. 

122 Mount Ophir, 

123 Blue, 

124 Australian Alps, 

125 Mount Kilauea. 


LAKE. 


126 Torrens. 


RIVERS. 


127 Lynd, 

128 Murray, 

129 Darling, 

130 Lachlan, 

131 Swan. 




















o c R A N T r A 159 

SAUDWICH, OR HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 

1 CAPES. 

1 Nihau. 

1 1 Koolau, 

2 Eauhal. 

1 2 Kahaka, 

3 IIana, 

3 Oahu, 1 IIoxoLcuj. 

4 Molokai. 

4 TJpola, 

5 Maui, 2 Lahaina, 8 Wairuku. 


6 Lanai. 

MOUNTAINS. 

7 Kahoolawe. 

5 Mauna Kea, 

6 Kilauea, 

8 Hawaii, 4 Ililo, 6 Kaalia, G Kealakeakua. 

7 Mausa Loa. 

QUESTIONS ON THE 

MAP OF OCEANICA. 

In what two oceans are the islands of Oceanica 

What gulf north of Australia ? 95. What gulf on 

situated ? Which are the three grand divisions of 

the south ? 98. 

Oceanica ? What part of Oceanica constitutes Malay- 

What two bays on the east of Australia ? 96, 97. 

sia ? Australasia ? Polynesia ? 

What bay on the west ? 99. What bays on the north 
of New Zealand? 100, 101. 

What strait north-east of Sumatra ? 102. Between 
Sumatra and Java? 103. Between Australia and 

ISLANDS. 

New Guinea? 106. Between Australia and Van Die¬ 
men’s Land? 106. Between the islands of New Zea- 

What are the principal islands in Polynesia V 

land? 107. 

What archipelago is crossed by the equator? 34. 
What groups between the equator and ten degrees 

north latitude? 19, 39, 42. What two archipelagoes 

CAPES, MOUNTAINS AND RIVERS. 

are crossed by the tropic of cancer? 6, 8. What are 

the principal groups in Poli’-nesia south of the Equa- 

AVdiat cape north of the Philippine islands ? 109. 

tor ? 15, 24, 28, 29, 33. 

AVhat cape at the northern point of Australia? 111. 

Which is the largest island in Australasia? 52. 

AYhat capes on the east? 112-114. Southwest? 116, 

What are the divisions of Australia? What large 

117. AVhat cape west ? 118. 

island north of Australia? 55. "What south? 72. 

AA^hat mountain in Sumatra? 122. What moun- 

South-east ? 67. East ? 65. What islands in Aus- 

tains in Australia? 123, 124. 

tralasia east of New Guinea ? 61. 

AA’^hat lake in Australia? 126. 

What three large islands in Malaysia are crossed 
by the equator? 73, 76, 77. What group of islands 
northeast of Borneo? 79. East of Celebes? 86. 
What large island south-east of Sumatra ? 75. 

AV'hat rivers in Australia ? 127, 128, 131. 

SANDWICH, OR HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 

AA'hich is the largest of the Sandwich Islands ? 8. 
AVhat are the other principal islands ? 1-7. Mention 
the principal towns of Hawaii. 4-6. Mountains. 5, 

SEAS, GULFS, BAYS, AND STRAITS. 

7. AVhat two towns in Maui ? 2, 3. What town in 

"N'rhat sea west of the Philippine islands ? 3. What 

Oahu ? 1. Mention the principal capes of each of 

sea east of Australia ? 4. 

the four larger islands ? 1 -4. 

















160 


0 CE ANICxV. 



SYDNEY. 


DESCEIPTIVE 

OcEANiCA includes the islands lying in 
the Pacific and eastern portion of the Indian 
ocean, and is divided into Polynesia, Aus¬ 
tralasia and Malaysia. 

Questions. What does Oceanica include, and how 
is it divided ? 


1. POLYNESIA. 

Square miles, 151,000. Population, 445,000. 

Polynesia includes a great number of 
islands in the Pacific ocean, lying on both 
sides of the equator. These islands are 
distributed into different groups, which are 
usually composed of one or more large 
islands and, numerous smaller ones. They 
are all more or less of coral formation. The 


GEOGRAPHY. 

temperature, owing to the influence of the 
surrounding ocean, is mild and compara¬ 
tively uniform. The climate is delightful 
and salubrious. 

The soil is generally fertile, except on the 
mountains. The productions are bread¬ 
fruit, cocoa, banana, yams, sweet potatoes, 
and cotton, besides various fruits. There 
are several species of timber trees, especially 
sandal wood, and a few spices. 

The inhabitants consist of two races, one 
of Malay origin, and the other a variety of 
the negro race. A few years since they 
were all idolaters, and sunk in the lowest 
paganism. Through the efforts of mission¬ 
aries many of them have received Christian¬ 
ity and civilization. 



























OCEANIC A. 


The Sandwich Islands are the most im¬ 
portant group of Polynesia, and form a kind 
of connecting link between America and 
China. The group consists of thirteen 
islands, seven of which are inhabited. 

The surface is mountainous. The islands 
are of volcanic origin. Several active vol¬ 
canoes still exist. 

European manners and arts have been 
adopted by the people, and a regular gov¬ 
ernment established. Churches and schools 
are common, and books and newspapers 
are printed in the language of the coun- 
try. 

Honolulu, the principal town and seaport 
of the Sandwich Islands, is on the south 
side of the island of Oahu. Its harbor, 
capable of containing between seventy and 
eighty ships, is often visited by British and 
American vessels. 

Questions. What does Polynesia include ? What 
is said of these islands ? Climate ? Soil ? Produc¬ 
tions ? Trees ? Inhabitants ? Which is the most 
important group ? What is said of the surface ? Vol¬ 
canoes? Arts and government? Churches and 
schools ? Honolulu. 

2. AUSTRALASIA. 

Square miles, 3,500,000. Population, 1,600,000. 

Australasia embraces Australia, New 
Guinea, New Zealand, Van Dieman’s Land, 
New Hebrides, and New Britain, with nu¬ 
merous smaller islands. 

Australia is the largest island in the 
world, and on account of its vast extent is 
often called a continent. It lies between 
the Indian and Pacific oceans, south-east of 
Asia, and is about 2,400 miles in length 
from east to west, and nearly 2,000 in 
breadth from north to south. 


161 


It is traversed by several ranges of moun¬ 
tains, though it is mostly level. 

It is subject to severe droughts of several 
months duration, which are sometimes fol¬ 
lowed by sudden and heavy rains. Not¬ 
withstanding these sudden changes, the 
climate, especially in the southern part, 
is salubrious. 

The soil on the coast and in the lowlands 
is fertile. 

Wheat, Indian corn, flax, indigo, and 
tobacco, arc the principal productions. 
Oranges, lemons, figs, bananas, pine-apples, 
olives, and peaches, thrive well. 



NATIVE NEW ZEALAND VILLAGE. 


The chief mineral is gold which, since its 
discovery in 1850, has been exported in 
large quantities. There are also rich de¬ 
posits of copper. Tin and iron are found 
to some extent. 

The aboriginal inhabitants are usually 
small, very ignorant, and live in the lowest 
state of degradation. 

The island is divided into New South Wales. 
North, West, and South Australia, and Vic¬ 
toria, and is claimed by Great Britain. 















1C2 OCEANIC A. 



THE BAMROO TREE. 


The government consists of a legislative 
council, and a governor, appointed by the 
crown. 

Melbourne, and Sydney are the principal 
cities and seaports, and are rapidly increas¬ 
ing in population and importance. 

Van Diemen’s Land is directly south of 
Australia. The interior is rugged and 
mountainous. The climate and produc¬ 
tions are similar to those of South Australia. 
This island was for a long time used by 
Great Britain as a penal colony. 

Papua, or New Guinea, is a large island, 
north of Australia, lying immediately south 
of the equator. It is supposed to be mo\in- 
tainous in the interior. Tlie coast is lined 


with coral reefs. Little is j 
known of the climate and 
productions. 

It is inhabited by negroes 
and Malays. 

New Zealand consists of 
a group of islands in the 
south Pacific ocean, be¬ 
longing to Great Britain. 
The two principal islands 
arc New Ulster and New 
Munster. 

The surface is mountain- I 
ous, the climate remark- j 
ably healthful, and the soil ! 
fertile. j 

The native plants, like | 
those of other islands in 
the South Pacific, differ 
from vegetable forms in 
other parts of the world. 
European fruits and plants 
are cultivated. 

The inhabitants belong 
to the Malay race, and have been much im¬ 
proved, through the exertions of the mis 
sionaries laboring among them. 

Questions. What does Australasia embrace ? De¬ 
scribe Australia. Its .situation and size. Its sur¬ 
face. Climate. Soil. Productions. Minerals. In 
habitants. IIow is the island divided ? What is said 
of the government ? Melbourne and Sydney ? 

How is Van Diemen’s Land situated ? Describe it. 
New Guinea. Of what does New Zealand consist? 
Describe its surface. Climate. Soil. I’roductions. 
Inhabitants. 

3. MALAYSIA. 

Square miles, 760,000. Population, 21,600,000. | 

or the Malay Archipelago, in 
eludes tlie most important and extensive 


















OCEANICA. 


163 


group of islands on the globe, the largest 
of which are Borneo, Sumatra, Java and 
Celebes. Malaysia embraces also the Sun- 
da, Philippine, and Spice Islands. 

The surface is generally mountainous in 
the interior. The climate is for the most 
part warm, and in some portions delightful. 

The soil is very fertile, and yields an 
abundance of spices, gums, and delicious 
fruits. 

The interior of most of the islands is 
covered with thick jungles, containing for¬ 
est trees of great variety and gigantic size. 
One of the most useful is the bamboo tree. 

The principal minerals are gold, tin, sil¬ 
ver, copper, iron, and coal. 

The inhabitants are chiefly of tlie Malay 
race, and dwell principally upen the coast. 

Their chief towns arc in many instances 
built over the water. 

Tlie Philippines belong to Spain. Pen¬ 
ang and a few other islands belong to Great 
Britain. 

The north and north-west portions of 
Borneo and the Sooloo islands are under 
native rulers. The remainder of this vast 


Archipelago is under the control of the 
Dutch, and is frequently named the Dutch 
East Indies. 



tillage of warog. 

Manilla, the capital of the Spanish pos¬ 
sessions, and Batavia, the capital of the 
Dutch, arc large and flourishing commer¬ 
cial cities. 

Questions. What does Malaysia comprise ? What 
can you say of the surface ? Climate ? Soil and pro¬ 
ductions? Forests? Minerals? Inhabitants? How 
are the towns built ? To whom do the islands belong ? 

1 Describe Manilla and Batavia. 


GENERAL QUESTIONS ON OCEANICA. 


Which division of Oceanica is nearest America? 
Nearest Asia? Which division contains the largest 
island ? 

On what island is Mount Ophir ? Mount Kilauea ? 
Whore are the Blue Mountains ? 

Which IS the largest river m Australia ? What 
branches has it? 

Where is the Gulf of Carpentaria? Halifax Bay? 
Botany Bay? Spencer’s Gulf? Bay of Islands? 

Where is the Strait of Malacca ? Strait of Sunda? 
Strait of Macassar? Cook’s Strait? 


Where is New Guinea? Sumatra? Borneo? Java? 
Celebes ? Where are the Philippine Isles ? Sand¬ 
wich Islands? Spice? New Zealand? Society Isl¬ 
ands? Cook’s? Friendly? Caroline? What isl 
ands are crossed by the Equator? AVhat is the 
latitude of the Sandwich Islands? Longitude? In 
what zones is Oceanica? 

What is the climate of Polynesia ? What are the 
productions ? Mention the principal town and seaport. 

What is the climate of Australia ? What minerals 
has it? 










































































































































































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THE PHYSICAL WORLD 


KEY TO MAE NO. 10. 


HYDROGRAPHIC BASINS. 

1 Arctic, 

2 Atlantic, 

8 Pacific, 

4 Indian, 

6 Continental. 


PRINCIPAL VOLCANOES.* 

6 Hecla, 

7 Vesuvius, 

8 Stromdoli, 

9 ^TNA, 

10 Peak of Teneriffe, 

11 Cotopaxi, 

12 JoRULLO, IN Mexico. 


OCEAN CURRENTS. 

1 Arctic, 

2 Gulf Stream, 

.3 Caribbean, 

4 North Atlantic, 

5 Guinea, 

6 Equatorial, 

7 Brazil, 

8 South Atlantic, 

9 Cape, 

10 South Connecting, 

1 ] Counter, 

12 Mozambique, 

1.3 Japan, 

14 Antarctic, 

1.5 Cape Horn, 

Ifi Peruvian, 


17 Mexican, 

IS Sargossa Sea. 


A GEOLOGY. 

1 Granite, (^ uuntratified ,) 

2 Primary, or Metamorphic, 

3 Silurian, 

4 Old Red Sandstone, 

5 Carboniferous, 

G New Red Sandstone, 

7 Oolite, 

8 Cretaceous, 

9 Tertiary, 

10 Superficial. 


B RAIN. 

1 Constant Rain, 

2 Periodical Rain, 

3 Variable Rain, 

4 Rainless District. 


C WINDS AND CALMS. 

1 North Polar Winds, 

2 South-westerly Currents, 

3 Calms of Cancer, 

4 North-east Trade Winds, 

5 Variable Winds and Calms, 

6 South-east Trade Winds, 

7 Calms of Capricorn, 

8 North-westerly Currents, 

9 South Polar Winds, 

10 Monsoons. 


Note. Tlic Temperature is indicated by Isothermal Lines crossing the Map cast and west. 
* Volcanic regions are marked by small circles. 




















PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 


Physical Geography treats of the solid 
mass of the earth, of the waters that partly 
cover it, of the atmosphere that surrounds 
both, and of the vegetables and animals by 
which all these are inhabited. 

Descriptive Geography has taught us that 
the surface of the earth is much diversified; 
that the land consists of continents and isl¬ 
ands, mountains, plains and valleys; and 
the water of oceans, seas, lakes rivers, &c. 


1. LAND. 

GEOLOGY. 

It has been found that there is an increase 
of heat as the earth is penetrated towards 
its center, and it is believed that the interior 
of the globe is in a fluid state, in consequence 
of the interior heat. It is also supposed 
that the solid land is only a crust formed by 
gradually cooling, and is less than a hun¬ 
dred miles in thickness. 

Men have been able to penetrate this 
crust only a few thousand feet, but in con¬ 
sequence of the inclination of the layers of 
solid rock which compose it, they have been 
able to determine the composition and order 
of succession of the materials which com¬ 
pose the earth’s crust for several miles in 
thickness. 

There are in nature, about sixty simple 
substances or elements. The various 
minerals are composed of these elements 
alone or chemically combined. About four 
hundred mineral species are known, but 
many of these are quite rare. 

The most common minerals are quartz. 


feldspar, mica, hornblende, talc, serpentine, 
and limestone. These, and many others, 
some of them metals, are mechanically com¬ 
bined into rocks and earths, and constitute 
the earth’s crust. 

The term Rock, in popular language, is 
applied only to the solid portions of the 
earth’s crust, but in science, it extends to 
all the mineral portion of the earth. 

All Rocks are either— 

Stratified, or Unstratified. 

Igneous, Aqueous, or Metamorphic. 

Fossiliferous, or Non-fossiliferous. 



STRATIFED. UNSTRATIFIED. STRATIFIED. 


Stratified Rocks are such as are arranged 
in distinct layers or strata, as sandstone. 

Unstratified Rocks are not arranged in 
layers, but are composed of minerals or 
broken pieces ctf other rocks in ii'regular 
masses, like granite. 

Igneous Rocks are such as are supposed 
to owe their origin to intense heat. When 
formed by melted matter cooled at great 
depths, they are called Plutonic Rocks. 
When the products of volcanoes are cooled 
at the surface, they are called Volcanic 
Rocks. 
















168 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 


Aqueous Rocks are made iii) of small 
particles deposited in water, and are usual¬ 
ly stratified. 

Metamorphic Rocks arc Aqueous Rocks 
which have been changed in structure by 
heat, without being melted or entirely 
changed in form. They are usually found 
in connection with Igneous Rocks. 

Fossiliferous Rocks are such as contain 
the remains of animals or plants, many of 
which arc different from any that now exist. 
These fossils seem to indicate that the earth 
long ago was inhabited by families or races 
of the animal and vegetable kingdoms 
whose remains were deposited with the sed¬ 
iment which now composes the Stratified 
Rocks. Many of these species of animals 
and plants have become extinct. 

Non-fossiliferous Rocks contain no fossils 
and arc generally igneous and unstratified. 

The lowest Rocks arc the Granite Rocks, 
which arc made up of quartz, feldspar and 
mica, mixed irregularly together, coarser 
or finer, as if the pieces had been broken up, 
half melted, and then cemented together 
under conditions of great heat and pres¬ 
sure. These are Plutonic Flocks, and are 
unstratified. 

Above the Granite come many series of 
Stratified Rocks. Of these Rocks, the lowest 
is known as the Primary or Metamorphic 
Formation, consisting of gneiss, which re¬ 
sembles granite, except that it is stratified, 
mica slate, hornblende slate, and mountain 
limestone. 

The Silurian series, which is the lowest 
of the Fossiliferous Rocks, follows, and 
above this series is the Old Red Sandstone, 
consisting of sandstone generally of a red 
color. 

The next series is the Carboniferous, or 


Coal-bearing, Avhich consists of carbonifer¬ 
ous limestone, sandstone, and the coal 
measures, from which vast quantities of 
hard coal arc obtained. 

Over this lies the Neiv Red Sandstone, 
then the Oolite, the Cretaceous, or Chalky 
Formation, and lastly, the Tertiary, or upper 
series, which is made up of the clays, marls, 
sand and drift that we now see on or near 
the surface of the earth. 

Above these is the recent deposit of soil, 
or the Alluvium, which contains much de¬ 
cayed or decaying animal and vegetable 
matter. 

In addition to the Granite Rocks which 
seem to form the basis of all the others, 
there are Granite Veins penetrating the 
Stratified Rocks. 

There arc also other Rocks of igneous 
origin found in connection with the Strati¬ 
fied Rocks. These arc principally volcanic, 
and include Trap Rock, Basalt, Greenstone, 
the products of ancient volcanoes, and also 
the Lavas and other Rocks more recently 
ejected. 

The presence or absence of certain Rocks 
gives general character to a country, affect¬ 
ing its configuration, and also contributing 
to the fertility or sterility of its soil. The 
crust of the earth is still undergoing im¬ 
portant changes caused by igneous and 
aqueous forces. 

Questions. Of what does Pliysical Geography 
treat? What has Descriptive Geography taught of 
the surface of the earth ? What is said of the lieat 
of the earth ? In what state is the interior of the earth 
supposed to be ? What is said of the crust ? How 
far has the crust been penetrated ? How much of its 
composition is known ? How many simple elements 
are there ? How many species of minerals are known? 
Which are the most common minerals? How are 
they combined ? What is meant by the term Rock ? 












PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 


169 


How are Rocks classified ? What are Stratified Rocks ? 
Unstratified Rocks? Igneous Rocks ? Plutonic Rocks ? 
Volcanic Rocks? Aqueous Rocks? Metamorphic 
Rocks? Fossiliferous Rocks? Non-fossiliferous Rocks? 
Describe the Granite Rocks. What are the lowest 
Stratified Rocks ? Mention the succeeding series in 
their order. Describe Granite A^'eins. What other Un¬ 
stratified Rocks occur ? What is said of the effects 
of certain Rocks ? Of changes now taking place ? 


CONTINENTS AND ISLANDS. 

All the land on the globe is comprised in 
two great divisions, Continents and Islands. 

There is far more land in the Northern 
than in the Southern Hemisphere. If a 
great circle be drawn through the south of 
Asia and the coast of Peru, nearly all the 
land surface of the globe wdll be on the 
upper or northern side of this line. 

The land is arranged chiefly in two great 
masses called Continents. There is much 
doubt as to the mode by which these liave 
arrived at their present form and condition. 
Many suppose there has been a succession 
of elevations and depressions, produced by 
the agency of the heat beneath. However 
this may be, they have undoubtedly passed 
through both sudden and gradual changes, 
with alternating periods of rest. 

The Continents present several notable 
resemblances and differences.* Both have 
their great mountain ranges running in the ! 
same direction as the greatest length of ! 
land; both are broad at the north, and ! 
terminate at the south in tapering rocky | 
points. With two exceptions, the important 
peninsulas of both point southward, and 
have to the eastward an island or groups 
of islands. A large member of eacli is 
nearly isolated, and has a deep bend of its 

* See Map No. 1. 


western coast to the interior. They differ 
in the direction of the land,—that of the 
Western stretching from north to south, 
and that of the Eastern from east to west, 
giving to the former great variety of zone, 
hence of climate and production, and to the 
latter great extent in the same climatic belt. 

The Western Continent is simple in its 
form, its edges mainly unindented by the 
sea, except on the eastern side, and its 
masses little broken by irregular or trans¬ 
verse mountains. The northern portion 
has more indentations than the soutliern. 
Its distinguishing characteristics are its 
lofty chain of mountains, uninterrupted 
from Behring’s Strait to the Magellan, its 
vast plains, and its system of inland waters. 

On the Eastern Continent, Africa is sim¬ 
ple in its structure; but Europe is divided 
and re-divided by deep arms of the sea; 
and Asia, though so extensive as to keep a 
vast mass entire, still has in the east and 
south, a succession of land-locked seas and 
broad indenting bays. Each of these divi¬ 
sions is traversed by mountains, secondary 
to the main ranges, making comparatively 
small river basins. The marked feature of 
this Continent is its wide and elevated plat¬ 
eaus, which appear especially in Central 
Asia. 

Islands are either Continental, having at 
one time formed part of the neighboring 
main land, as the British Isles; or are Sandy 
accumulations deposited by the waves, as 
along the east coast of North America; or 
are the products of Volcanic action^ as the 
Azores; or are the work of the Coral in¬ 
sects, as many of those in the Pacific. 

The Continental Islands usually resemble 
the adjacent portions of the Continents in 
formation. 















no PHYSICALG 


A few Yolcaiiic Islands have been formed 
by submarine volcanic action, since the Chris¬ 
tian era. 

Coral Islands, which consist of a circular 
strip of coral enclosing a portion of shallow 
water, are called Atolls, and the water thus 
enclosed is called a Lagoon. Coral reefs, 
many miles in extent, arc sometimes found 
surrounding Volcanic Islands. 

Questions. How is the land on the globe divided ? 
'Which Hemisphere contains the most land ? How is 
the land arranged ? Describe the Continents. Which 
is the most simple in form ? What are the character¬ 
istics of the Western Continent? Describe the East¬ 
ern Continent. What is its marked feature ? How 
are Islands divided? What is said of the Continental 
Islands? Volcanic Islands ? Coral Islands? Coral ^ 
Reefs ? I 

MOUNTAINS AND VOLCANOES. 

Mountains sometimes occur singly, but 
they are usually found connected together, 
forming a Chain or Rang-e of Mountains. 

A number of Mountain chains nearly re- j 
lated to each other, extending in the same | 
direction, constitutes a Mountain System. 

The great Mountain Systems of the two 
Continents correspond to the general out¬ 
line of the Continents. The principal Sys- | 
terns of the Western Continent extend I 
north and south, while those of the Eastern j 
Continent extend east and west. . j 

On the Western Continent, the Rocky 
Mountain System in North America, and 
the System of the Andes in South America, 
constitute an almost uninterrupted succes¬ 
sion of Mountain Chains extending from 
the Arctic Ocean to the southern point of 
the Continent. i 

The California System consists of several 
ranges in North America west of the Rocky 
Mountains. 


EOGRAPHY. 


The Appalachian System includes the 
Cumberland, Alleghany, Blue Ridge, Cats- 
kill, and other ranges extending from Ala¬ 
bama nearly to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, at 
a distanee of from thirty to three hundred 
miles from the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. 

In South America, the Brazilian and 
Parima are distinct Systems on the eastern 
coast, of less height and extent than the 
Andes, and nearly parallel to the Atlantic 
coast. 

The Great Eastern System, consisting of 
nearly parallel ranges somewhat broken, ex¬ 
tends nearly across the Eastern Continent, 
ineluding the Cantabrian, Pyrenees, Alps 
and Balkan Mountains of Europe, and the 
Taurus, Elburg, Hindoo Koosh, Himalaya, 
Kuenlun, and Peling of Asia. 

Another System, north of this, is com¬ 
posed of the Altai, Stanovoi and other 
ranges. 

The Scandinavian and Ural Mountains 
are distinct Systems running in an oblique 
direction from the principal Systems, while 
the Appenines, Ghauts and other ranges, 
may be considered as spurs from the main 
System. 

The principal mountain ranges of the 
Eastern Continent have a gradual slope to 
the north, and an abrupt descent to the 
south, while those of the Western Conti¬ 
nent have the gradual slope to the east, 
and the abrupt descent on the west. 

By Volcanic action is meant the influence 
exerted by the heated interior of the earth 
on its external covering. Its effects are 
known to us,—not only in the eruption of 
Volcanoes, but in Earthquakes, and all kin¬ 
dred phenomena, in emanations of gases 
and vapors from the earth, and in Geysers 
and Hot Springs. 



















PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 171 


A Volcano, properly so called, exists only 
where a permanent connection is estab¬ 
lished between the interior of the eartli 
and the atmosphere. The number of active 
Volcanoes is estimated at about three hun¬ 
dred, of which two-thirds are found around 
the shores or on the islands of the Pacific 
Ocean. 



THE CKATEU OF ETKA. 


There are five principal Lines of Volca¬ 
noes: one from Patagonia to Oregon,-which 
is divided into several volcanic spaces, with 
intervals entirely free; one from the Aleu¬ 
tian Isles to Borneo; another in the East 
Indies, through Java and Sumatra; a fourth 
from Greece, through the Mediterranean, to 
the Azores; and the last from the West 
Indies, across Mexico, to the Sandwich 
Islands. 

The vents of Iceland seem to form a short 
chain by themselves; and besides these, 
there are some isolated or grouped Volca¬ 
noes on land, and probably many in the bed 
of the ocean. Stromboli is noted for its 


constant activity,—Hecla, for its violent 
eruptions,—Cotopaxi, for its great height, 
and Jorullo, in Mexico, for having been 
thrown up from a plain within a few 
months. 

Sudden and violent disturbances of the 
earth’s crust are called Earthquakes, and 
occur usually within the region, though not 
in the immediate vicinity of Volcanoes. 
Some of the most destructive on record 
are those of Lisbon, in 1755, of Eiobamba, 
in 1797, and those of Caracas and the Mis¬ 
sissippi valley, in 1812. 

Questions. How do Mountains occur? What is 
a Mountain System ? To what do the Mountain Sys¬ 
tems correspond ? Describe the principal Systems of 
the Western Continent. Of the Eastern Continent. 
What is peculiar to the Mountains of each Continent ? 
What is meant by Volcanic action ? How many Vol¬ 
canoes are now active ? Describe the principal Vol¬ 
canic regions. For what is Stromboli noted ? Hecla ? 
Cotopaxi ? Jorullo ? What are Earthquakes ? Men- 
! tion some of the most destructive. 

PLATEAUS AND PLAINS. 

Plateaus arc extensive elevated tracts of 
land with a surface generally level, though 
they may sometimes contain hills or moun¬ 
tain ridges. 

Plains are low tracts of land nearly level. 
The two Continents are not only character¬ 
ized by their Mountain Systems, but by 
their Plateaus and Plains. While each Con¬ 
tinent contains both Plateaus and Plains, 
the Western Continent may be distinguished 
for its Plains, while the Eastern is distin¬ 
guished for its Plateaus. 

On the Western Continent, a Plateau 
extends along the base of the Rocky Moun¬ 
tains from the southern part of British 
America to the Isthmus of Panama. It 
' includes the Utah basin, and the great 











172 


PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 


Mexican Plateau^ on which the city of Mex¬ 
ico is situated. 

In South America there are several ele¬ 
vated Plains connected with the Andes, the 
principal of which, the Plateau of Lake 
Titicaca, is one of the highest Plateaus in 
I America. The city of Potosi is situated on 
the southern end of this Plateau. 

The greater part of Central and Western 
Asia is one vast Plateau traversed by Moun¬ 
tain Chains. This great Plateau includes 
the great Desert of Gobi, and is also the 
source of most of the Asiatic Rivers. The 
southern portion of Hindostan contains the 
j Plateau of the Deccan, which is often the 
resort of the Europeans of Hindostan in the 
I hot season. By ascending tliis Plateau, they 
I may enjoy a temperate climate in the torrid 
zone. The principal Plateau of Europe is 
that of Spain. 

North America has a Great Central Plain 
extending from the Arctic Ocean to the 
i Gulf of Mexico. The northern part is 
j drained by the waters which flow into Hud- 
j son’s Bay and the Arctic Ocean, and the 
j southern part includes the great valley of 
I the Mississippi and the basin of the Gulf of 
I Mexico. There is also a narrow plain east 
I of the Alleghany Mountains extending from 
I Maryland to Florida. The lower part of 
I this is swampy. 

j In South America a great Plain east of 
[ the Andes extends through nearly flie whole 
I length of tins division. It branches olf into 
j the Plain of the Orinoco on the north-east, 
and the Plain of the La Plata in the south¬ 
ern part. 

A large part of the South American 
Plains are covered with grass, which grows 
luxuriantly during the rainy seasons afford¬ 
ing pasturage to vast herds of cattle. 


The principal Plains of the Eastern Con¬ 
tinent are the great Northern European 
Plains, which, extend from the Bay of Biscay 
through the northern part of central Eu¬ 
rope to the Ural Mountains, and the North¬ 
ern Asiatic Plain which extends from the 
Ural Mountains to Behring’s Strait. The 
European Plain has, most of it, a deep fer¬ 
tile soil, very productive. A part of it is 
still covered with extensive forests. The 
northern part of the Asiatic Plain is frozen 
to a great depth. 

The smaller Plains of Europe are found 
in northern Italy, Austria and Turkey. 
Plains of limited extent skirt the eastern 
and south-eastern shores of Asia and the 
lower part of the principal river basins. 

The principal Plains of Africa are the 
great Desert of Sahara, the narrow Plain 
of Egypt, known as the valley of the Nile, 
and the Plain of Central and Southern 
Africa, which has not yet been thoroughly 
explored. 

Questions. AYhat are Plateaus ? Plains ? Which 
Continent is distinguished for its Plains? Its Pla¬ 
teaus? Describe the Plateaus of North America. 
South America. Asia. Describe the Plains of North 
America. South America. The Plains of Europe 
and Asia. Of Africa. 

2. WATER. 

SPRINGS, LAKES, AND RIVERS. 

The Waters of the land are found in the 
form of Springs, Lakes, and Rivers. 

Springs are Hot or Cold, according to 
the depth of the reservoirs by which they 
are supplied. If these are above the stra¬ 
tum of invariable temperature, the heat of 
the water will only vary with the seasons; 
if the water come from this stratum itself, 
it will be invariable; if from below it, its 


















PHYSICAL G 


temperature will be proportionate to the 
depth. 

Hot and Boiling Springs are very con¬ 
stant in their heat, and are more fre- j 
quent in volcanic regions, though there are j 
many examples of tliem remote from such i 
places. Many mineral substances are dis¬ 
solved by botli Hot and Cold Springs, j 
whence the medicinal properties of their j 
waters; especially are they often highly 
impregnated with common salt. 

The principal Mineral Springs in the 
United States are the Salt Springs of Syra- j 
cuse and Salina in New. York, and those on j 
the Kanawha river in Virginia; also the Me- i 
dicinal Springs of Saratoga, New York; and | 
the Sulphur Springs of Virginia. t 

Lakes are of four kinds; those having i 
inlets and outlets, as the great American 
Lakes; those having neither inlets nor out¬ 
lets, found among mountains and fed by 
Springs, and in which the evaporation 
equals the supply; those having outlets but I 
no inlets, which are fed by Springs, and are i 
the sources of Rivers; and those having ; 
inlets but no outlets, as the Caspian, Aral, [ 
and Dead Seas in Asia; Titicaca and the I 
great Salt Lake, in America. These last, 
with their tributaries, form Continental 
Systems of Rivers, and their basins cover 
a vast extent of territory. 

Rivers are streams of water flowing over | 
the land to some other body of water. ; 
They have their origin in Springs, Lakes, ! 
and in ice-covered mountains. Tlie basin | 
of a River is the entire country drained by j 
it and its tributaries, and the elevation, 
whether great or small, which separates 
one such basin from another, is their water¬ 
shed. The velocity of a River depends on 
the form and slope of its bed, and the vul- 


EOGRAPHY. 173 


ume and pressure of water in the upper 
part of its course. The Danube, Tigris 
and Indus are the most rapid of the large 
Rivers. 

Owing to the structure of the highland 
and mountain chains, most of the important 
Rivers flow in an easterly direction, and the 
next in size towards the south and north, 
while those flowing west are generally 
small. 



DELTA. 


The soil borne down by streams is depos¬ 
ited as their velocity diminishes, and if the 
lower courses be through a flat country, 
subject to inundation. Deltas are formed at 
their mouths, as in the Mississippi and 
Nile. 

Questions. How are the waters of the land found ? 
Describe Springs. Hot and Boiling Springs. Men¬ 
tion the principal Mineral Springs of the United 
States. Describe Lakes. Rivers. What is meant 
by the basin of a River ? Upon what does the veloc¬ 
ity of a River depend? In what direction do the 
largest Rivers flow ? Dow are Deltas formed ? 

THE OCEAN. 

The great mass of Waters, covering two- 
thirds of the earth’s surface, receives the 
general name of Ocean. This contains 
from three to four per cent, of salts, is of 
a dark blue or green color, and of great 
depth. Of the five Oceans, the Pacific is 


















174 PHYSICAL 


the largest, and is remarkable for its calm 
waters and many islands. The Indian, real¬ 
ly a branch of this, is noted for its periodical 
and violent winds. Tlie Atlantic occupies 
a long and narrow trough between the two 
continents; it is deep, almost unbroken by 
islands, traversed l)y well defined currents, 
and extends through all zones of climate. 
The Northern and Southern Oceans are 
within the Polar Circles, and are alike re¬ 
markable for their masses of ice and the 
icebergs which they send oil' to the warmer 
seas. 

The Basin of an Ocean includes not only 
the space actually occupied by its waters, 
but all the land drained by Rivers flowing 
into it. The Atlantic receives the waters 
of Western Europe, Northern and Western 
Africa, and of the greater part of America; 
the Northern Ocean, those of the great 
northern slope of the Eastern Continent, 
and the vast upper plain of North America; 
the Indian, those of Southern Asia and 
Eastern Africa; and the Pacific those of 
Eastern Asia and of America west of the 
mountains. 

The Ocean is characterized by three great 
movements. Waves, Tides, and Currents. 

Waves are the alternate elevations and 
depressions of the surface of a body of 
water, produced by a force acting unequally 
on that surface. There is no real onward 
motion, except in case of violent winds and 
over shoals. 

Tides are alternate risings and fallings 
of the water of the Ocean, occurring twice 
in twenty-four hours, and are owing to the 
united attraction of the sun and moon. 
The influence affects the whole mass of the 
water, and is thought to originate in the 
unbroken expanse of water about the Ant¬ 


GEOGR API! Y. 


arctic Circle, and to spread thence to all 
the Seas having ready communication with 
each otlier. In the open Ocean the rise of 
tlie Tide is small, being only two or three 
feet; it varies on various shores, and when 
it enters narrow bays, or is forced around 
a head land, it sometimes rises to the hight 
of forty, fifty, and even seventy feet, as in 
Bristol, England,—St. Malo, France,—and 
in the Bay of Fundy. 

The Tidal Wave occupies about a day 
and a half in traveling from its great south¬ 
ern reservoir to the British Isles. It moves 
rapidly through deep Seas, and slowly 
through shallows, as in the Pacific, where 
its influence is hardly perceptible. 

Currents are like Rivers in tlie Ocean, 
effecting an interchange of the waters of 
one latitude with those of another. Tem¬ 
porary Currents are produced by violent 
winds or by Tides, as Hurlgate, in East 
River, near New York. Periodical Cur¬ 
rents are owing to periodical winds, as tlie 
Monsoons of the Indian Ocean. 

Constant Currents are the result of con¬ 
stant forces, of which the principal are, the 
heat of the sun, the salts of the sea, and 
the rotation of the .earth. Direction is 
often given to them by the configuration of 
the land, and together they constitute a 
great system of Oceanic circulation. They 
seem, like the Tides, to have their source in 
the Southern Ocean; a great stream known 
as the Antarctic Current, flowing thence 
northward toward South America, where it 
is divided; a small part goes east, around 
Cape Horn, while the rest flows north along 
the western coast, and turning suddenly to 
the west, is lost in the Equatorial Current 
of the Pacific. This flows westward until 
it meets China, India, and the East India 













PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 


175 


Islands; a part makes its way among these 
and joins the Equatorial Current of the 
Indian Ocean. Passing between Madagas¬ 
car and the main land, it rounds Cape of 
Good Hope and turns northward along the 
coast of Africa, until off Guinea it flows 
westward in the Atlantic Equatorial. This, 
reaching Brazil, is divided; one branch 
flowing south, then eastward to the Indian 
Ocean, is known as the Southern Connect¬ 
ing^ Current; the other and principal branch 
goes round the point of Brazil, through the 
Caribbean Sea, sweeps round the Gulf of 
Mexico, and appears off the peninsula of 
Florida as the Gulf Stream. This great 
current flows along the United States coast, 
toward Newfoundland, where, spreading, it 
goes eastward, mingling with and warming 
the waters west of Europe. The British 
Isles divide it, a part of it going north to 
the Polar Sea, and a part, turning south, 
seems to appear again on the coast of Africa 
in the North African and Guinea Current^ 
which completes the circuit of the North 
Atlantic by mingling with the Equatorial 
Current. Within this circuit of waters is 
an area matted over with gulf weed, known 
as the Sargossa Sea. 

A stream originates in the ice masses 
around the North Pole, and coming south¬ 
ward past Labrador, divides, sending one 
Current inside the Gulf Stream to the Gulf 
of Mexico, and another, as an Under Cur¬ 
rent, to the Caribbean. On the eastern 
coast of Asia is the Japan Current^ in many 
respects closely rc.scmbling the Gulf Stream 
of the Atlantic. Like that, it has a Cold 
Counter Current near the coast, and also 
sends a Return Current along the shores 
of California and Mexico, to mingle with 
the Pacific Equatorial. 


Question's. What is the Ocean? Describe the 
! Pacific Ocean. Indian. Atlantic. Northern. South¬ 
ern. What is meant by the Basin of an Ocean? 
Describe the Hydrographic Systems of each Ocean. 
By what is the Ocean characterized? Describe Waves. 
Tides. Currents. The Antarctic Current Equa¬ 
torial Currents. Southern Connecting Current The 
Gulf Stream. Guinea Current. Sargossa Sea. 
Japan Current 


3. ATMOSPHERE. 

TEMPERATURE AND WINDS. 

The Atmosphere is the fluid which we 
breatlie, and which surrounds the earth to 
a height, probably of forty or fifty miles. 
It has weiglit and great elasticity, and is 
nearly colorless. 

The quantity of sensible Heat, as indi¬ 
cated by the thermometer, is called Temper¬ 
ature. The depth to which the solid earth 
is affected by Heat or Cold varies with the 
latitude; at the equator it is about one foot; 
in the temperate zones, fifty or sixty feet; 
in the Polar regions, 300 or 400 feet. Be¬ 
low this the Heat increases regularly. In 
the ocean there is also a line of Invariable 
Temperature, (39°.5,) found at the equator 
at a depth of 7,200 feet, in lat. 56°, at the 
surface, and in lat. 70°, 4,600 feet below it. 
The Temperature of water is far more 
equable than that of the land. Tlie Atmos- 
pjiere receives its Sensible Heat chiefly by 
radiation from the earth. The Tempera¬ 
ture of any place depends principally on its 
latitude, its elevation, the vicinity of the 
sea, and prevailing winds. 

Wind is air in motion. Whenever the 
equilibrium of tlie atmosphere is, for any 
cause, disturbed, there follows an excliange 
cf place among its particles, until this equi¬ 
librium is restored. The Heat of the earth 
in the equatorial regions causes the rarefied 

















176 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 


air to rise, to supply the place of which 
other air rushes in from the north and 
south, the air which ascends flowing off to 
the Poles again, thus completing the circuit 
of the globe. The revolution of the earth 
on its axis gives a westward direction to 
the air from the Poles, and an eastward 
one to the returning currents. The force 
and constancy of these are greatly modified 
by the alternating land and water over 
which they flow. 



■WATER SPOUTS. 


Within the Tropics, gentle winds blow 
constantly from the east, called the Trade 
Winds. These arc in two bands or zones, 
between which is a zone of calms that is 
near but north of the equator, and shifts its 
position with the change of seasons. Out¬ 
side of these Trades are narrow belts of 
calms, north of the northern and south of 
the southern, of which the prevailing direc¬ 
tion of the winds is found to be from the 
west, as far as 60° or 70° of latitude, beyond 
which limits the courses of tlie winds are 
not accurately known. 


The westerly winds of the temperate zone 
are called tlie Return Trades. They are 
by no means constant, and their prevalence 
is determined only by careful and continued 
observation. 

There are certain Periodical Winds, such 
as the Blorning and Evening Breezes on 
the sea-coast; the Monsoons of the Indian 
Ocean, changing their course with the sea¬ 
sons ; the Etesian Winds, blowing from the 
north in the Mediterranean in summer; 
and the cold Northers of Texas and Mexico. 

Winds are hot or cold, moist or dry, 
taking these characters from the countries 
over which they pass. Among the noted 
Hot Winds are the Simoon, of Arabia, 
Syria, and Nubia, and the Sirocco, of the 
Sahara Desert. 

Whirlwinds are produced by currents 
meeting each other obliquely. Hurricanes 
arc violent revolving Winds, which occur 
chiefly in the West Indies, the Indian Ocean, 
and Chinese waters. They spring up sud-/ 
denly, move rapidly over wide areas, and 
arc more frequent in the Autumn. M^ater- 
spouts, caused by Whirlwinds near the sur¬ 
face of the water, are very common in the 
Mediterranean. 

Questions. What is the Atmosphere? What is 
Temperature ? Upon •w’hat does the Temperature of 
a place depend? What causes Wind? What are 
the principal prevailing Winds ? The most noted 
Hot Winds? What arc Whirlwinds ? Hurricanes? 
AV aterspouts ? 


MOISTURE AND CLIMATE. 

The Atmosphere is constantly receiving 
Moisture from the earth, by means of evap¬ 
oration. The capacity of the Air for con¬ 
taining this moisture depends on its tem¬ 
perature. It is said to be saturated^ or at 













PHYSICAL G E O G R A P IT Y. 


the Dew point, when it contains all its tem¬ 
perature will allow it to receive, and any 
above this quantity will he condensed and 
precipitated. It is often deposited, during 
still nights, on bodies whieh are cooler than 
the Dew point of Atmosphere at the time, 
and in this form is called Deiu. Hoar-frost 
is frozen Dew. 

Mists and Fo^s are masses of vapor near 
the earth, sufficiently condensed to be visi¬ 
ble, differing from Clouds only in position. 
When Clouds come in contact with air or 
vapor cooler than themselves, their moist¬ 
ure is condensed and falls to the eartli in 
the form of Rain. Hail is frozen Rain, 
and Snow is frozen vapor. 

Rain is very unequally distributed; it 
is found that it decreases in quantity 
from the Equator to the Poles, and from 
the coasts to the interior of a continent; 
that the greatest number of rainy days 
occur in the temperate zones; that more 
Rain falls in mountainous than level dis¬ 
tricts, and more in the Northern than in 
the Southern Hemisphere; and the same is 
true of the western coasts of the continents 
in the temperate zones, because the moist¬ 
ure is brought by westerly winds, which 
lose it before they reach the eastern sliores. 

Rains arc Periodical within the Tropics 
and wherever periodical winds prevail; and 
arc Frequent beyond the Tropics, where it 
may rain on any day of the year. Large 
Rainless Districts occur in Peru, Central 
America, and Mexico, and in Central Asia; 
the moisture brought from the sea by the 
winds being condensed by mountain ranges 
before they arrive at these districts. The 
annual fall of rain is estimated at 8.5 feet 
in the Torrid Zone, at 3.05 feet in the Tem¬ 
perate, and ill the Frigid at 1.25 feet. 

10 


ir7 


By the Snovj Line is meant the limit on 
mountains above whieli tlie snow is perpet¬ 
ual. At and below this limit the snow and. 
ice are melted or softened by the heat of 
summer, and here it is that Glaciers have 
their origin. These are large masses of ice 
and snow, which, becoming attached, are 
in time consolidated, and, increasing from 
year to year by additions from above, move 
slowly down valleys and gorges, until, reach¬ 
ing a milder temperature, they dissolve and 
form the sources of rivers. 

By Climate is meant the condition of the 
Atmosphere with reference to heat and cold, 
moisture and dryness, healthiness and un¬ 
healthiness. It is affected, in all these par¬ 
ticulars, by the form and elevation of the 
land, the nature of the soil, and the neigh¬ 
borhood of bodies of water, and is by no 
means the same in similar latitudes. Lines 
passing through places which have the same 
mean temperature, are called Isothermal 
Lines. By tracing any one of these through¬ 
out its course, it will be found to pass over 
widely differing latitudes. Espeeially is this 
the case with those Isotherms which cross 
North America and the Atlantic Ocean. 

Questions. What is Dew? Frost? What are 
Mists and Fogs ? What is said of Rain ? Hail and 
Snow? Where arc Rains Periodical? Frequent? 
Where are the Rainless Districts ? What is the an¬ 
nual fall of Rain? What is meant by the Snow 
Line? What are Glaciers? What is Climate? 
What are Isothermal Lines ? 


4. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OP 
PLANTS. 

i The whole number of species of Plants 
on tlie globe is estimated at 130,000. 

They appear to have originally had their 
native regions adapted by soil and climate' 
















178 


PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 


for their growth and perfectiop, and to 
which they were principally confined. Nat¬ 
ural means and artificial agencies have dis¬ 
tributed many Plants over a large extent 
of country, and to a great distance from 
their native soil. 

The most important influences affecting 
vegetation are heat, light, and moisture. 

The most constant heat and the greatest 
amount of rain, we have already noticed, 
are found in the Torrid Zone. 



TORRID ZOXR. 


In this zone vegetation exists in its great¬ 
est variety and luxuriance. Tlie most 
gorgeous flowers, the most luscious fruits, 
and the hardest and heaviest timber are 
found in the Torrid Zone. 

In the Temperate Zones, the most im¬ 
portant grains are found; such as wheat, 
rye, maize, barley, oats; also the common 
grasses, and friiits, such as apples, pears, 
grapes and berries, and plants for clothing, 
as flax, hemp and cotton. 

This zone also contains majestic forests 
of the oak, hickory, chestnut, maple, pine, 
fir, and cedar. 

In the Frigid Zones vegetation is scanty, 
and, in some parts of these zones, ceases to 
exist. Barley and oats arc produced on 
the borders of tlic Temperate Zone, but 


the principal Plants of the Frigid Zones 
are mosses, lichens, dwarf trees and shrubs. 

Besides the limitation of Plants by cli¬ 
mate, there are also local and restricted re¬ 
gions with plants peculiar to the locality. 
Thus Australia constitutes a botanical re¬ 
gion differing from all others. Countries 
in the same latitude differ essentially in 
their species of vegetation, but the most 
important productions of each zone are 
most widely distributed. 

Questions. What is the estimated number of 
species of Plants on the globe ? What is said of the 
native regions of Plants? Of the distribution of 
Plants ? What are most important influences affect¬ 
ing vegetation ? What is said of the vegetation of 
the Torrid Zone ? Of the Temperate Zone ? Of the 
Frigid Zone? Of local and restricted botanical re¬ 
gions ? 

5. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF 
ANIMALS. 

Animals arc adapted to different climates 
and diverse circumstances, by variety in 
clothing and physical structure. In the 
Torrid Zone, quadrupeds are usually nearly 
naked, or furnished with a coat of short and 
thin hair; in the Temperate Zone, they are 
covered with thick hair, or with wool; while 
in the Frigid Zone, they are supplied with 
thick fur. 

It is in the Torrid Zone that Animal life 
is most abundantly developed. This zone 
contains the greatest variety of insects, rep¬ 
tiles and birds, as well as the largest quad¬ 
rupeds, such as the elephant, rhinoceros, 
camel, camelopard, tapir and hippopotamus. 

The most poisonous reptiles and insects, 
and the most savage beasts of prey are 
found in this zone. Among these may be 
1 mentioned the lion, tiger, elephant, puma, 

' and hyena. 












P H Y S I C A L 


Birds of the largest size and most bean- 
tiful plumage are found in this zone, such 
as the bird of paradise, the parrot tribe 
and the ostrich. 

The coral forming tribes are found chiefly 
in this zone. Here are also the largest 
monkeys. 

The Temperate Zones contain the great¬ 
est number of useful and domestic animals, 
sucli as the horse, ox, sheep and deer tribes. 
The chief beasts of prey are the lynx, wild 
cat, Avolf, bear, fox, and weasel. The ani¬ 
mals of the Temperate Zones are, many of 
them, gregarious, or accustomed to collect 
in flocks or herds. Many of the birds are 
migratory, passing the summer in the north, 
and returning to warmer climes on the ap¬ 
proach of winter. 

The Frigid Zone contains few species of 
animals, and those the most hardy, such as 
the white bear, moose, reindeer, Arctic fox, 
seals, whales, and walruses. There are a 
few species of birds, such as eagles, gulls, 
cormorants, and petrels. 


GEOGRAPHY. 179 


I Some Animals, like some species of plants, 
j are confined to particular regions. The 
giraffe, gorilla, and some varieties of bab¬ 
oons and monkeys, are found only in Africa. 

The island of Madagascar has a large 
number of species peculiar to itself. Aus¬ 
tralia and many of the East Indian Islands 
have species found no where else. Austra¬ 
lia is distinguished for its marsupial quad¬ 
rupeds. 

In North America, the grizzly bear aj.d 
the American buffalo are found in large 
numbers, and in South America, the sloth, 
armadillo, vampire, and a species of mon¬ 
key peculiar to this continent. 

Questions. How are Animals adapted to different 
climates ? What is said of the clothing of Animals 
in different zones ? What Animals does the Torrid 
Zone contain ? What kind of birds ? Where are 
the coral tribes found ? What class of Animals does 
the Temperate Zone contain V Mention the chief 
beasts of prey in the Temperate Zone? What is 
I said of the Animals in the Frigid Zone ? Of Animals 
I peculkir to particular regions ? Mention some of 
I these Animals and their locality. 


GENERAL QUESTIONS ON PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 


What is Physical Geography ? Of what is the 
earth's crust composed ? Mention the different kinds 
of Rocks. How are Igneous Rocks formed ? Aque¬ 
ous Rocks ? What are the principal Stratified Rocks ? 

Which Continent contains the most land ? Give 
the principal characteristics of each Continent. What 
are the different kinds of Islands? What are the 
principal Mountain Systems of the Western Conti¬ 
nent? Of the Eastern Continent ? Where are the prin¬ 
cipal Volcanoes found ? Where is Hecla ? Vesuvius ? 
Etna ? Peak of Teneriffe ? Cotopaxi ? Describe the 
Plateaus of the Western Continent. Of the Eastern 
Continent. What are the most noted Plains of the 
Western Continent ? Of the Eastern ? 

What are the principal River Systems of the West¬ 
ern Continent? Of the Eastern Continent? What 
IS meant by a Delta ? Point out on the map the dif 


ferent Hydrographic Basins. What are Occap Cur- ' 
rents ? Point out the Equatorial Currents. Describe 
the Gulf Stream. SargossaSea. Japan Current. Brazil i 
Current. Mozambique Current. Cape Horn Current. 
What is the direction of the Peruvian Current ? i 

Where are the Trade Winds found? Monsoons? i 
What are the most noted Hot Winds ? Where do * 
Hurricanes occur ? Where are the principal rainless 
districts ? Through what countries does the north | 
Isotherm of 70 degrees pass ? Of 60 degrees ? Of j 
32 degrees? i 

How many species of Plants are supposed to exist 
on the globe? What kinds of Plants are found in ! 
the Torrid Zone ? Temperate Zones ? Frigid Zones ? 
What can )mu say of the characteristics of the Ani- , 
mals of the Torrid Zone? Of the Temperate Zones? 

Of the Frigid Zones? 
















PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY 


AND TABLES. 


Notk. The following Pronouncing Vocabulary contains the names of the countries, states, cities, towns, oceans, 
gulfs, bays, seas, islands, peninsulas, capes, mountains, deserts, lakes, and rivers, found on the Outline Maps, or men¬ 
tioned in the Geography. Lippincott’s Pronouncing Gazetteer of the World, a work prepared with great care and 
accuracy, has been adopted as the standard of pronunciation. 

The extent of countries, the population of cities and towns, the length of rivers, and the height of mountains, 
have been given wherever authority could be found for the same. In the population of cities and towns, the latest 
census taken has been followed. 


KEY TO THE PRONUNCIATION OF VOWELS. 

rite, far, fall, fat,—mite, mit, hir,—pine, pit,—note, not,—tube, t&b, full. Vowels not marked, (excepting final 
e,) when ending a syllabic that is accented, are long; when followed by a final consonant, they are .short or obscure. 


North America. 


America, British, 
America, Russian, 
America, Central, 
Balize, 

Canada, 

Greenland, 

Labrador, 

Mexico, 

States of, 
Chiapas, 
Chihdauita, 
Cinaloa, 

CoAHUILA, 

Colima, 

Durango, 

Guanajuato, 

Guerrero, 

Jalisco, 

Michoacan, 

New' Leon, 

Oajaca, 

Puebla, 

Queretaro, 

San Luis Potosi, 

Sonora, 

Tabasco, 

Tamaulipas, 

Tehuantepec, 

V^ERA Cruz, 

Yucatan, 

Zacatecas, 

New' Brunswick, 
Nova Scotia, 


brit'-ish. 

coo'-shan. 

scn'-tral. 

bi-lez'. 

kan'-a-da. 

greeu'-land. 

lab'-ra-dor. 

mex'-e-ko. 

che-A'-pis. 

chc-WiV-wii. 

sin-a-lo'-A. 

ko-i\-we'-la. 

ko-le'-iml. 

doo-rAn'-go. 

gwA-nA-hwA'to 

gher-ra'-ro. 

hA-lis'ko. 

me-cho'-A-cAn. 

nu le'-on. 

wA-hA'-kA. 

pw6b'-IA. 

ka-ra'-tA-ro. 

san loo'-is 

po-to'-se. 
so-no'-rA. 
tA-bas'-ko. 
tA-maw'-le-pAs. 
ta-w'Aii-ta-pik'. 
va'-rA kroos. 
yoo-ka-tAn'. 
zAk-a-ta'-kas. 
nu brims' wik. 
no'-va sko- 

she-a. 


I. STATES AND COUNTRIES. 

United States, u-ni'-ted states 

States and Territories, 
Carolina, kar-o-li'-na. 

Colu.mbia.District of. ko-lum'-be-a. 


Alabama, 

Arkansas, 

Calu'ornia, 

Connecticut, 

Delaw'are, 

Florida, 

Georgia, 

Illinois, 

Indiana, 

Indian, 

lOW'A, 

Kansas, 

Kentucky, 

Louisiana, 

Maine, 

Maryland, 

Massachusetts, 

Michigan, 

Minnesota, 

Mississippi, 

Missouri, 

Nebraska, 

New' Hampshire, 
New Jersey, 
New' York, 

Ohio, 

Oregon, 
Pennsylvania, 
Rhode Island, 
Tennessee, 
Texas, 

Utah, 


al-a-ba'-ma. 

ar-kan'-sas. 

kal-e-for'-ne-a. 

koii-iiet'-e-kut. 

del'-a-wir. 

fior'-e-da. 

jor'-je-a. 

il-lin-oi', 

iii-de-an'-a. 

in'-de-an, 

I'-o-wa. 

kan'-sas. 

ken-tuk'-e. 

loo-e-ze-a'-na. 

mine; 

ma'-re-land. 

nias'-sa-chu'- 

setts. 

mish'-e-gan. 

min'-ne-so'-ta. 

mis-.sis-sip'-pe. 

mis-soo'-re. 

ne-bras'-ka. 

nu liamp'-shir. 

nu jer'-ze. 

nu york. 

o-lu'-o. 

or'-e-gon. 

pen-sil-va'-ne-a 

rod i'-laud. 

ten-nes-se'. 

tex'-as. 

yoo'-ta. 


Vermont, 

Virginia, 

Washington, 

Wisconsin, 


ver-mont'. 

ver-jin'-e-a. 

w'ish'-irig-tiin. 

wis-kon'-siii. 


South America. 


Argentine Republic, 

ar'-jeii-tcen. 

Bolivia, 

J)o-lc'-ve-a. 

Brazil, 

bri-zil'. 

Chili, 

chil'-le. 

Ecuador, 

ek-wa-dor'. 

Guiana, 

ghe-iV-iia. 

New Granada, 

gri-ni'-di. 

Paraguay, 

‘J 9 t « 

pa-ra-gwa. 

Patagonia, 

pi-ti-go'-ne-a. 

Peru, 

pc-ioo'. 

Uruguay, 

oo-roo-gwi'. 

Venezuela, 

ven-ez-we'-la. 

Europe. 

Austria, 

is'-tre-a. 

Baden, 

bi'-den. 

Bavaria, 

biVvi'-re-a. 

Belgiu.m, 

bel'-je-um. 

Denmark, 

den'-mark. 

England, 

ing'-gland. 

France, 

Iriiis. 

Germany, 

jer'-ma-ne. 

Greece, 

gris. 

Hanover, 

han'-o-ver. 

Holland, 

hoP-land. 

Ireland, 

Ire-land.' 

Italy, 

it'-a-le. 

Lapland, 

lap-land'. 

Mecklenburg, 

mek'-len-burg. 

















PRONOUNCING 

Y 0 C A r> U L A R Y. 

181 

Modena, 

mod'-6n-A. 

Corea, 

ko-re'-a. 

Bosjesman’s, 

bos'-yes-maiiz' 

Naples, 

Norway, 

nH'-pl’z. 

Farther India, 

iii'-de-a. 

Cape Colony, 

kdp kol'-o-iic. 

nor'-wA 

Georgia, 

jor'-ji-a. 

ClMBEBAS, 

sim-bi'-bas. 

Parma, 

par'-111 a. 

Hindostan, 

hiii-doo-stin'. 

Egypt, 

e'-jipt. 

Poland, 

po'-land. 

Japan, 

ji-pin'. 

Essawaiiil, 

es-sa'-wi-heel. 

Portugal, 

p6r'-tu-gal. 

Malacca, 

ni4-lak'-ka. 

Ethiopia, 

e-the-o'-pe-a. 

Prussia, 

proo'-she-a. 

roo'-she-a. 

Mantchooria, 

inan-choo'-re-a 

Fezzan, 

I'ez-zau'. 

Russia, 

Mongolia, 

nion-go'-le-a. 

Guinea, 

Hottentot, 

ghin'-ne. 

Sardinia, 

sir-diu'-e-a. 

Persia, 

per'-she-a. 

hot'-ten-tot. 

Saxony, 

sax'-6-ne. 

Siam, 

sl-am'. 

Kaffraria, 

kdf-fra'-re-a. 

Scotland, 

skot'-land. 

Siberia, 

sl-be'-re-a. 

Liberia, 

li-be'-re-a. 

Sweden, 

Bwe'-den. 

SOONGARIA, 

soong-ga'-re-a. 

Madagascar, 

mad-a-gas'-kar 

mo-rok'ko. 

Switzerland, 

Ewit'-zer-land. 

Syria, 

slr'-e-a. 

Morocco, 

Turkey, 

Tuscany, 

tur'-ke. 

'Penasserim, 

ten-as'-se-rim. 

Mozambique, 

mo-zani-beek'. 

tus'-ka-ne. 

Thibet, 

tib'-et. 

Natal, 

nd-tdl'. 

Venice, 

ven'-is. 

Toorkistan, Independent, 

Nubia, 

Senegambia, 

nu'-be-a. 

Wales, 

w4lz. 


toor-kis-tin'. 

sdn-c-gam'be-a 

WURTEMBURO, 

wur'-tem-berg. 

Turkey, 

'-ke. 

Sierra Leone, 

se-er'-ri le-on'. 

Asia. 


Africa. 

Oceanica. 

Afganistan, 

if-gSn'-is-tSn'. 

Abyssinia, 

ab-is-sin'-e-a. 

Australasia, 

aus-tral-a'she-a 

Anam, 

i-ndni'. 

Adel, 

a-dsi'. 

Australia, 

aws-tra'-le-a. 

Arabia, 

a-ri'-be-a. 

Ajan, 

d-zhan'. 

Malaysia, 

ina-la'-she-a. 

Beloochistan. 

bel-oo-kis-tJn'. 

Algiers, 

Al-jeerz'. 

New South Wales, 

nu south \v4lz. 

Burmah, 

bur'-iiia. 

Barca, 

Beled-el-J ereed. 

bdr'-ka. 

Polynesia, 

pol-e-ne'she-a. 

China, 

Chinese Tartary, 

chl'-na. 

tar'-ta-rc. 

be-led'-el-j cr¬ 
eed'. 

Victoria, 

vik-to'-re-a. 


II. CITIES AND TOWNS. 


Abbeville, 

North America. 

ab'-be-vil, 


Burlington, Iowa, 
Cairo, 

Camden, 

bur'-ling-tun, 

kl'-ro, 

kam'den. 

6,700 

14,300 

Acapulco, 

d-kd-pool'-ko. 

6,000 

Cam peachy. 

kam-pe'-chc. 

18,000 

Adrian, 

a' dre-aii, 

6,200 

Cape Haytien, 

ha'-te-cn. 

12,000 

Alton, 

al'-tun. 

6,300 

Carlisle, 

kar-lll'. 

6,600 

Albany, 

fil'-ba-ne. 

62,300 

Charleston, 

chdrlz'-tun. 

51,200 

Annapolis, 

aii-nap'o-lis. 

3,000 

Chicago, 

she-ka'-go, 

109,200 

Ann Arbor, 

an dr'-bor. 

5,000 

Chihuahua, 

che-wd'-Wii, 

15,000 

7,600 

Appalachicola, 

ap-pe-ld-che-ko'-la. 

1,000 

Chillicothe, 

chil-li-koth'-e. 

Arispe, 

d-ris'-p4. 

*7,000 

Cincinnati, 

sin'-sin-nd'-te. 

161,000 

Astoria, 

Atlanta, 

as-to'-re-a, 

at-lau'-ta. 

9,500 

Ciudad Real, 
Cleveland, 

se-oo-ddd' re-dl', 
klcve'-land. 

43,400 

Augusta, Me., 

au-gus'-ta, 

au-gus'-ta, 

ds'-tin. 

7,600 

Coburg, 

ko'-burg. 

4,500 

Augusta, Ga., 

42,400 

Colima, 

ko-le'-ma. 


Austin, 

3,000 

COLLINGWOOD, 

kol'-ling-wood. 


Balize, 

ba-leez'. 

3,000 

Columbia, S. C., 

ko-luni'-be-a. 

8,000 

Baltimore, 

bdr-te-m6r, 

212,400 

16,400 

Columbia, Tenn., 

ko-!um'-be-a, 

2,500 

Bangor, 

ban'-gor. 

Columbus, Ga., 

ko-lum'-bus. 

9,600 

Batesville, 

bates'-vil, 

1,700 

Columbus, 0., 

ko-lum'-bus. 

18,600 

Baton Rouge, 

bd'-ton roozh. 

6,400 

Columbus, Miss., 

ko-lura'-bus. 

3,300 

Bath, 

bdth. 

8,000 

Concord, 

kon'-kord. 

10,800 

Bathurst, 

bdth'-urst. 

2,000 

Corpus Ciiristi, 

k or'-pus kris'-te. 

1,200 

Beaufort, 

bu'-fort. 

2,000 

Council Bluff, 

koun'-sil bluf. 

5,000 

Benecia, 

be-nish'-e-a. 

2,000 

Culiacan, 

koo-le-d-kan'. 

7,000 

Boston, 

bos'-tun. 

177,400 

Cumberland, 

kum'-ber-land. 

8,400 

Bowling Green, 

b6'-ling green. 

3,000 

Darien, 

da'-re-en. 

500 

Brantford, 

brant'-ford. 

4,000 

Dayton, 

Des Moines, 

da'-tun. 

20,400 

Bkattleboro, 

brat'-t’l-bur-ro, 

. 4,000 

de moin'. 

2,500 

Brockville, 

brok'-vil. 

3,000 

Davenport, 

dav'-en-port, 

11,00u 

Brooklyn, 

brook'-lin. 

266,600 

Detroit, 

de-troit'. 

46,600 

Buffalo, 

buf-fa-lo. 

81,100 

Dorchester, 

dor'-ches ter, 

4,000 

Burlington, Vt., 

bur'-liiigtun. 

7,700 

Dover, 

do'-ver. 

















182 PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY. 


) 


Dcbcque, 

du-book'. 

13,000 

Liverpool, 

liv'-cr-pool. 


Dunkirk, 

duii'-kirk. 

4,400 

22,000 

London, 

luu'-dun. 

6,0(K) 

Durango, 

doo-raiig'-go, 

Loreto, 

lo-ra'-to. 


Easton, Pa., 

is'-tou. 

8,900 

Louisville, 

loo'-is-vil. 

69,700 

Easton, Md., 

is'-toii. 

1,500 

Loavell, 

lo'-el. 

36,800 

Eastport, 

4st'-port, 

4,200 

Lunenburg, 

lu'-nen-burg, 


Eiienton, 

i*'-den-tun. 

1,000 

La'nciiburg, 

lincli'-burg. 

6,800 

Elmira, 

el-nii'-ra. 

8,600 

Macon, 

nia'-kon. 

8,200 

Erie, 

i'-re, 

9,400 

Madison, Ind., 

inad'-i-sun, 

8,100 

Evansville, 

ev'-ans-vil. 

11,400 

Madison City, Wis., 

niad'-i-sun. 

6,600 

20,000 

Fayetteville, 

la'-et-vil, 

7,000 

Manchester, 

mau'-ehes-ter. 

f’lLLMORE City, 

Iil'-ni6r sit'-e. 

Marshall, 

niar'-shal, 

4,000 

Fond du Lac, 

fond du lak'. 

6,400 

Marysville, 

nia'-riz-vil, 

ini-ta-gor'-da. 

9,000 

Fort Vancouver, 

van-koo'-ver. 

Matagorda, 

1,200 

Frankfort, 

fruuk'-fort, 

6,000 

Matamoras, 

ini-ta-nio'-ras. 

20,000 

F’redericksuurg, 

frcd'-cr-iks-burg. 

6,000 

Matanzas, 

inil-tan'-zas. 

46,000 

F'rederickton, 

frcd'-er-ik-tun, 

5,000 

Maa'sville, 

niaz'-vil, 

7,000 

Galena, 

ga-Ie'-na, 

8,100 

Mazatlan, 

maz-al-lan'. 

11,000 

Gala'eston, 

gal'-ve.s-tuii. 

8,100 

Memphis, 

nieni'-tis. 

22,600 

Georgetown, R. C., 

jorj'-towii. 

1,600 

Merida, 

iner-e-dtl. 

40,000 

Georgetown, Ky., 

jorj'-towu. 

2,o00 

Mexico, 

Michigan City, 

inex'-i-ko. 

180,000 

Goliad, 

go'-lc-ad, 


inish'-e-gan. 

2,400 

Grand Haven, 

grand ha'-vcn. 

800 

Milledgeville, 

niil'-ej-vil. 

3,500 

Grand Rapids, 

grand nV-pids, 

8,000 

Milavaukee, 

inil-wd'-Ke, 

45,200 

Green Bay, 

green bay. 

2,500 

Mobile, 

ino-beel'. 

29,200 

Guadalajara, 

gwa-dA-lA-lnV-rA, 

7o,000 

Monroe, 

jnon-ro'. 

3,500 

Guanajuato, 

gwi-na-hwi'-to. 

63,000 

Monti:jiey, Mcx., 

inon-ti-ra'. 

12,000 

Halifax, 

hal'-e-fax. 

28,000 

Monterey, Cal., 

iiion-ta-riV', 

2,000 

Ha.milton, U. C., 

hain'-il-tun, 
lidr'-per’s fer'-re. 

2 o,o 00 

Montgo.mery, 

niont-goni'-er-e. 

9,800 

Harper’s Ferry, 

2,000 

Montpelier, 

niont-pcel -yer, 
niont-re-al'. 

2,400 

77,400 

Harrisburg, 

har'-ris-burg. 

13,400 

Montreal, 

Hartford, 

hart'-ford. 

29,100 

Murfreesboro’, 

inur'-fres-bur-o. 

2,000 

Haa'ana, 

hi-van'-a, 

200,000 

Muscatine, 

inus'-ka-tcen'. 

6,300 

Helena, 

hel-i'-na. 

Xasiiua, 

nash'-yu-a. 

10,000 

Holsteinburg, 

hoP-stin-burg, 


Nashville, 

iiasli'-vil. 

16,900 

7,000 

Houston, 

lui'-ston. 

6,000 

Nassau, 

iias'-sil. 

Huntsville, 

hunts'-A'il, 

4,000 

Natchez, 

natch'-ez, 
natch-i-totch'-iz. 

13,500 

Iowa City, 

i'-o-wa sit'-e. 

5,200 

Natchitoches, 

1,300 

Independence, 

in-de-pen'-dens. 

3,000 

New Albany, 

al'-ba-nc. 

12,400 

Indianpaolis, 

in-de-an-ap'-o-lis. 

1>>,600 

Newark, 

nu'-ark. 

71,900 

Jackson, Miss., 

jak'-sun. 

3,500 

New Bedford, 

nu bcd'-lbrd. 

22,300 

Jackson, Tciiii., 

jak'-sun. 

2,500 

Newbern, 

New Guatamala, 

nu'-bern. 

6,400 

Jackson, Mich., 

jak'-suu. 

4,500 

gwa-ta-ind -la. 

60,000 

Janesville, 

jans'-vil. 

7,700 

New Haven, 

uu ha'-ven. 

39,200 

Jalapa, 

ha-la'-pA, 

10,000 

New Hernhutt, 

nu heru'-hut. 

Jefferson City, 

jef-fer-sun sit'-e. 

2,500 

Neav London, 

lun'-dun. 

10,100 

JuLIANSIIAAB, 

yoo'-le-&ns-hib'. 

Neav Orleans, 

or'-leauz, 

168,600 

Kalamazoo, 

kal-a-ma-zoo'. 

6,000 

Newport, 

nu'-port. 

10,600 

Key West, 

ke Avest', 

2,800 

New York, 

nu york'. 

813,600 

Kingston, U. C., 

kingz'-tun. 

16,000 

Niagara, 

ni-ag'-a-ra. 

4,500 

Kingston, W. I., 

kingz'-tun, 

nox'-vil, 

35,000 

Norfolk, 

nor'-folk. 

14,600 

Knoxville, 

6,000 

Oa.iaca, 

wa-h4'-ka. 

2,500 

La Crosse, 

la kros'. 

2,000 

Ogdensburg, 

og'-dens-burg, ^ 

7,400 

Lafayette, 

laf-a-yet'. 

9,400 

Old Guatamala, 

gwa-ti\-niiV-lA, 

Lancaster, 

lan'-kas-tur, 

17,600 

Olympia, 

o-liin'-pc-a. 

1,200 

Lansing, 

Ian'-sing, 

3,000 

Omaha, 

o-niA -ha. 

1,800 

La Paz. 

la paz'. 


Oswego, 

os-wc'-go. 

16,800 

Lawrence, 

l^-reus. 

17,600 

Ottawa, 

ot'-ta-wa. 

8,000 

Leavenavort”, 

Leco.mpton, 

lev'-en-wurth, 

le-komp'-tun. 

Pacific City, 

Paducah, 

pa-sif-ik sit'-e, 
pa-du'-ka. 

8,000 

Lewistown, 
Lexington, Ky., 

lu'-is-town, 

3,000 

Paterson, 

pat'-er-sun. 

19,500 

lex'-iug-tun. 

9,300 

Pensacola, 

pen-sa-ko'-la. 

3,600 

Lexington, Mo., 

lex'-ing-tun. 

4,000 

Peoria, 

Petersburg, 

pe-o'-re-a. 

14,400 

Lichtenau, 

lik'-teh-naw. 


pe'-terz'-burg. 

18,200 

Lichtenfkls, 

Little Rock, 

lik'-ten-fMs, 


Philadelphia, 

fil-a-del'-fe-a. 

665,500 

lit'-tle rok. 

3,800 

PiCTON, 

pik'-tun. 

1,600 





















PRONOUNCING 

VOCABULARY. 


183 

PiTTsncno, 

pita'-burg. 

49,200 

Tallahassee, 

tal-la-has'-se. 

1,000 

Placer City, 

pla'-ser sit'-e. 

«,000 

Taos, 

Tehuantepec. 

tA'-os, 

9,600 

PLATTSnURCf, 

plats'-burg, 

6,600 

ti-win-tA-pSk', 

8,000 

Port ac Prince, 

port 0 priiLs, 
port'-land, 

20,000 

Terre Haute, 

t6r'-re h6t. 

8,600 

Portland, Me., 

26,300 

Three Rivers, 

thre riv'-erz. 

6,600 

Portland, Orcf'ori, 

port'-laiid, 

pbrt.s'-nuith, 

ports'-uiutli. 


Toledo, 

to-le'-do. 

13,700 

PORTSMOCTU, N. 11., 

9,300 

Topeka, 

to-pe'-ka. 

Portsmouth, Ohio, 

6,200 

Toronto, 

to-roii'-to. 

60,000 

POTOSI, 

po-to'-so. 

500 

Trenton, 

tren'-tun. 

17,200 

PoTTSVILLE, 

pots'-vil, 

9,400 

Troy, 

troi. 

39,200 

Prairie du Chien, 

pra'-rc du .‘iheen. 

2,000 

Tuscaloosa, 

tus-ka-Ioo'-sa, 

3,900 

Providence, 

prov'-i-dens. 

60,600 

*70,000 

Uper.navic, 

oo-per-ni'-vik. 

PlEHLA, 

pweb'-la. 

Utica, 

u'-te-ka, 

22,600 

Puerto Principe, 

pwer'-to precn'-se-pi. 

45,000 

Valladolid, 

vJl-yA-do-l6d', 

18,000 

Queiiec, 

kwe-bek'. 

42,000 

Van Buren, 

vAu bu'-ren. 

1,800 

OUERETARO, 

ka-ri-ti\'-ro. 

30,000 

13,700 

Vera Cruz, 

va'-ra krooz. 

8,200 

Quincy, 

quin'-se. 

Vicksburg, 

viks'-burg. 

4,600 

Racine, 

ras-seen'. 

7,800 

Victoria, 

vik-to'-re-a. 

Raleigh, 

r^'-le. 

6,000 

Vincennes, 

vin-senz', 

2,200 

Reading, 

Richmond, 

rSd'-ing, 

23,100 

37,900 

Wabounse, 

wa-bouns'. 

ridP-inund, 

Washington, 

w&sh'-ing-tun. 

61,100 

Rio Grande City 

re'-o gi And, 

1,000 

Wetumpka, 

we-tuinp'-ka. 

3,500 

Rochester, 

roch'-es-ter. 

48,200 

Wheeling, 

wheeP-ing, 

14,100 

Rock Island, 

i-land, 

6,100 

13,700 

Whitehall, 

white'-hAll, 

5,0<X) 

Sacramento, 

sak-ia-ineu'-to. 

Wilmington, Del., 

wir-ining-tun, 

21,200 

Salem, Orcgou, 

sa'-leni, 

1,000 

Wilmington, N. C. 

wiP-iiiiug-tuii, 

9,000 

Saltillo, 

sal-tel'-yo. 

20,000 

WlI.KESBARRE, 

wilks'-bar-rc. 

6,800 

Salt Lake City, 

salt lAk sit'-e. 

8,200 

Worcester, 

woos'-ter, 

24,900 

San Diego, 

sail de-a'-go. 

2,000 

8,400 

Yarmouth, 

var'-iuuth, 

13,500 

Sandusky, 

sau-dus'-ke. 

Zacatecas, 

zAk-a-tA-kas 

26,000 

San Francisco, 

sail fran-sis'-ko. 

66,800 

Zanesville, 

zAnz'-vil, 

9,200 

San Jose, 

San Luis Potosi, 

sail ho-sa', 

san loo'-is po-to'-se. 

18,000 

4o,O00 

South 

America. 

San Salvador, 

Santa Fe, 

Ban sAl-v4-d6r', 
sAii-tA la'. 

18,000 

4,600 

Aracati, 

A-rA-kA-te', 

5,000 

Santiago, 

san-te-A'-go, 
soo sAiit niA'-re 

26,000 

Arequipa, 

A-rA-ke'-pA, 

36,000 

Salt St. Marie, 

1,000 

22,200 

Arica, 

A-re'-kA, 

3,500 

Savannah, 

sa-van'-na. 

Aspinwall, 

as'-pin-wAl, 

3,O00 

Shelburne, 

shel'-buni. 

20,000 

Assumption, 

as-sunip'-shun 

bA-e'-A, 

12,000 

Sherbrooke, 

slier'-brook. 

1,500 

Bahia, 

Barra, 

100,000 

Shreveport, 

shreve'-port. 

3,000 

bAr'-ra, 

6,000 

Sitka, 

sit'-ka. 

1,000 

Bogota, 

bo-go-tA', 

48,000 

Socorro, 

so-kor'ro. 


Bolivar City, 

bol'-e-var sit'-e, 

8,600 

Somerset, 

suiu'-er-set. 

4,000 

Buenos Ayres, 

bo'-nos A'-riz, 

120,000 

Sonora, 

so-no'-ra, 
south bend. 

3,000 

Callao, 

kal-lA'-o, 

16,(MX) 

South Bend, 

2,000 

6,000 

Caracas, 

kA-rA'-kAs, 

40,000 

Spanish Town, 

siian'-ish town. 

Cartagena, 

kAr-tA-je'-nA, 

kAs'-tro, 

18,000 

Springfield, Mass., 

spring'-fitld. 

15,200 

Castro, 

3,500 

Springfield, Ill., 

spring'-fcld, 

6,500 

Catamarca, 

kA-tA-niar'-kA, 

4,(K)0 

St. Andrews, 

sAnt an'-diewz. 

8,000 

Caxamarca, 

kA-liA-niAr'-ka, 

8,000 

St. Anthony, 

sant au'-to-ne. 

3,600 

Cayenne, 

Cerro Pasco, 

kl-en'. 

6,000 

St. Augustine, 

sant a-gus-teen'. 

2,000 

ser'-ro pAs'-ko, 
choo-ke-sA'-kA, 

16,000 

St. Charles, 

sant charlz'. 


Chuquisaca, 

20,000 

St. Domingo, 

sAnt do-iiiing'-go. 

15,000 

COBIJA, 

ko-be'-liA, 

800 

St. Hyacinthe, 

sant In'-a-sinth, 

4,500 

Cochabamba, 

ko-eliA-bam'-ba, 

30,(MSI 

St. John’s, N. IL, 

sant jor.z', 

22,000 

Concepcion, Paraguay, 

kon-sAp-se-on', 

10,000 

St. John’s, L. C., 

sant jonz', 

2,500 

Concepcion, Chili, 

kon-sAp-se-oii', 

7,(m)0 

St. John’s, Newfoundland, sant joii/,'. 

25,000 

160,700 

CoPIAPO, 

k(S-pe-A-po', 

4,000 

St. Louis, 

sAnt loo'-is. 

CoquiMBO, 

ko-keeiii'-bo. 

7,0(M) 

St. Paul, 

sAnt pauP, 

10,400 , 

Cordova, 

kor'-do-va. 

14,000 

Stubenvii.le, 

stu'-ben-vil. 

6,100 

Coro, 

ko'-ro. 

4,000 

Stockton, 

stok'-tun, 

10,000 

CORRIENTES, 

kor-re-en'-tez. 

20,(«M) t 

SUKKERTOP, 

suk'-ker-top, 

Cuenca, 

kwen'-ka, 

20,000 i 

Sydney, 

sid'-ne. 

700 

CUMANA, 

koo-niA-nA', 

8,000 , 

Syracuse, 

ser'-a kus, 

28,100 

CURUGUATY, 

kooroo-gwA-te', 

3,000 , 

Tabasco, 

tA-bA-s'-ko, 


CUYABA, 

koo-yA'-ba, 






- 1 















184 

PRONOUNCING 

V 0 C A B U L A R Y. 



Cuzco, 

kuz'-ko. 

30,000 

Antwerp, 

ant'-werp. 

9,1,000 

Diamantina, 

de-i-min-te'-na, 
6s-pir'-e-to s4n'-to. 

4,5U0 

Archangel, 

^rk-in'-gel. 

25,000 

Espirito San 

1,000 

Arta, 

kr '- a , 

5,000 

Gkorgetown, 

jorj'-town, 

gwT'-a-keel, 

23,000 

Astrakan, 

As-tri-kin', 

46,000 

Guayaquil, 

25,000 

Athens, 

ath'-enz. 

30,000 

Honda, 

lion'-d^l. 

5,000 

Augsburg, 

augs'-burg. 

38,000 

Humanga, 

w4-ming'-gA, 

20,000 

Badajos, 

bad-a-hos'. 

12,000 

Huasco, 

Ibarra, 

wis'-ko, 

c-bir'-ri. 

12,000 

Barcelona, 

Bari, 

bir-si-lo'-uA, 

bA'-re, 

132,000 

27,300 

La Guayra, 

gwi'-ii. 

8,000 

Basel, 

ba'-zcl. 

27,300 

La Paz, 

la p4z, 

20,000 

Bastia, 

bAs-te'-A, 

12,600 

Lima, 

le'-ini. 

100,000 

Bayonne, 

bA-ydn', 

bel-fAst', 

18,900 

Loja, 

lo'-ha. 

16,000 

Belfast, 

120,000 

Macapa, 

mi-ka-p4'. 

6,000 

2,000 

Belgrade, 

bel-grade'. 

30,000 

Maldonado, 

m&l-do-ni'-do. 

Bergen, 

ber'-ghen. 

26,600 

Maracaybo, 

ma-iA-kl'-bo, 

9,000 

Berlin, 

ber-liu'. 

442,000 

Maraniiam, 

m4-ran-^ni'. 

30,000 

Berne, 

bern. 

28,000 

Matto Grosso, 

ni4t-to' gros'-so. 

14,000 

Bilbao, 

bil-bA'-o, 

11,900 

Mendoza, 

Mom POX, 

men-do'-za, 

12,000 

Birmingham, 

bir'-niing-bam. 

223,000 

moni'-po, 

10,000 

Bochnia, 

bok'-ne-a. 

5,300 

Montevideo, 

inon-te-vid'-e-o. 

15,000 

Bologna, 

bo-ldn'-vA, 

76,000 

Neembucu, 

New Amsterdam, 

nA-Sm-boo'-koo, 
uu ani'-stcr-dam. 

5,000 

Bordeaux, 

Bosna Serai, 

bor-do', 
bos'-nA ser-I', 

130,000 

60,000 

Panama, 

pAri-A-nia', 

6,000 

Braga, 

brA'-gA, 

17,000 

Para, 

pA-rA', 

10,000 

Brahilov, 

brA-he-lov', 

6,000 

Paramaribo, 

p4r-a-mar'-e-bo. 

20,000 

Bremen, 

brAm'-en, 

74,000 

Parnahiba, 

pAr-nA-e'-bA, 

10,000 

Breslau, 

brAs'-lo, 

112,200 

Payta, 

pi'tA, 

6,000 

Brest, 

brAst, 

61,000 

Pernambuco, 

pAr-nAm-boo'-ko, 

24,000 

Bristol, 

bris'-tol. 

140,0U0 

POPAYAN, 

po-pA-yAn', 

20,000 

Brunn, 

brun. 

45,000 

Porto Alegre, 

por'-to A'-lA-grA, 

4,000 

Brussels, 

bru-sel'. 

263,400 

POTOSI, 

po-to'-se. 

17,000 

Bucharest, 

bu-kA-rAst', 

60,800 

PUNO, 

poo'-no. 

9,000 

Buda, 

bu'-da. 

40,500 

Quillota, 

keel-yo’-ta. 

10,000 

Burgos, 

boor'-gos. 

15,500 

Quito, 

ke'-to. 

50,000 

Cadiz, 

kA'-diz, 

64,000 

Riobauba, 

re-o-bAm'-ba, 

16,000 

Caen, 

kSn, 

45,510 

Rio Grande, 

re'-o grAnd, 

3,600 

Cagliari, 

kal'-yA-re, 

30,000 

Rioja, 

re-o'-hA, 

4,000 

Calais, 

kal'-is, 

100,000 

Rio Janeiro, 

rl'-o ja-ne'-ro. 

170,000 

Cambridge, 

kAm'-brij, 

28,000 

San Paulo, 

san pow'-Io, 

22,000 

Cardigan, 

kAr'-de-gan, 

3,000 

Santa Marta, 

sAn'-ta mAr'-ta, 

8,000 

Carlscrona, 

kArls-kroo'-na, 

12,000 

Santarem, 

sAn-tA-reni', 

10,000 

Carlshrue, 

kArls' TOO, 

25,700 

Santiago, A. R., 

sAn-te-A'-go, 

48,000 

Caernarvon, 

ker-iiAr'-von, 

9,000 

Santiago, Chili, 

sAn-te-A'-go, 

80,000 

Cartagena, 

kar-ta-je'-na, 

28,000 

Socorro, 

Trujillo, Peru, 

so-kor'-ro, 

12,000 

Catania, 

kA-tA'-iie-A, 

64,000 

troo-heel'-yo. 

8,000 

Cattaro, 

kAt-td'-ro, 

4,000 

Trujillo, Ven., 

troo-heel'-yo. 

4,000 

Cherbourg, 

sher'-burg, 

28,000 

Tucuman, 

too-koo-mAu', 

9,000 

Christiania, 

kris-te-A'-ne-a, 

26,000 

Valdivia, 

Valencia, 

vAl-de'-ve-a, 

vA-lon'-she-A, 

17,000 

Coimbra, 

Colberg, 

ko-eein'-bra, • 
kol'-burg. 

15,000 

7,600 

Valparaiso, 

vAl-pA-ri'-zo, 
veel'-ya re'-kA, 

50,000 

Cologne. 

ko-ldn'. 

92,200 

Villa Rica, 

8,000 

Compostela, 

Constantinople, 

Copenhagen, 

Cordova, 

Corinth, 

kom-pos-ta'-lA, 

29,000 

Aberdeen, 

Europe. 

ab-er-dAn', 

72,000 

koD-stan-te-no'-p’l, 

ko-pen-hA'-gen, 

kor'-do-va, 

kor'-inth, 

187,000 

133,000 

42,000 

2,000 

Abo, 

A-bo', 

16,000 

Cork, 

kork, 

84,500 

Adrianople, 

ad-re-an-o'-pel, 

160,000 

Corunna, 

ko-run'-iia. 

19,000 

Agram, 

6g-r6m', 

14,800 

Cracow, 

krA'-kd, 

43,000 

Aix LA Chapellb, 

Aks lA shA-pel', 

45,600 

Cronstadt, Aus., 

krdii'-stAtt, 

36,000 

Ajaccio, 

A-yAt'cho, 

12,000 

Cronstadt, Russia, 

krdn'-stAtt, 

40,000 

Alicante, 

A-le-kAn'-tA, 

19,000 

Dantzic, 

dant'-zik. 

68,000 

Amiens, 

Amsterdam, 

ani'-{-enz, 

Ain-ster-dAni', 

52,200 

Debreczin, 

dA-brAt-sin, 

63,0(10 

248,700 

Dijon, 

de-zhon'. 

32,500 

Ancona, 

an'-ko-iiA, 

36,000 

Dover, 

do'-ver. 

22,000 

Angers, 

an'-jerz, 

46,600 

i Dresden, 

drAz'-den, 

104,601) 














PRONOUNCING 

VOCABULARY. 


ISo 

DuONTirEIM, 

dront'-hTni, 

13,800 

1 

Madrid, 

niil-drid'. 

260,000 

Dublin, 

dub'-lin. 

268,000 

Magdeburg, 

inag'-de-burg. 

68,0(10 

Dundee, 

duu-d6'. 

79,000 

Malaga, 

inal'-a-ga, 

68,500 

Edinburgh, 

fed -in-bur-ruh. 

160,000 

Manchester, 

inan'-ches-ter. 

400,ooO 

Elberfeld, 

fel'-ber-ffelt. 

85,000 

Mannheim, 

man'-him. 

23’500 

Elsinore, 

fel'-siii-6r. 

8,000 

Mantua, * 

man'-tu-a. 

31,000 

Ely AS, 

el'-vas. 

16,500 

Marino, 

mJ-re'-no, 

6,100 

Evora, 

ev'-o-ra. 

15,000 

Marseilles, 

mar-silz'. 

193,f 00 

Ealun, 

fi'-loon. 

4,500 

Memel, 

mem'-el, or mi'-mcl. 

9,9o0 

Ferrol, 

ffer-rol'. 

16,600 

Merthyr Tydvil, 

mer'-ther tid'-vil, 

G3,l(;0 

Flensborg, 

flens'-borg. 

16,500 

Messina, 

mcs-se'-na. 

97,000 

Florence, 

flor'-ens, . 

111,000 

Metz, 

infets. 

43,5( 0 

Frankfort, 

frank'-furt. 

62,600 

Milan, 

mir-an. 

162,000 

(lALLIPOLI, 

gAl-lip'-o-le, 

17,O<J0 

Minsk, 

minsk. 

23,600 

(xALWAY, 

gil'-wi. 

24,700 

Modena, 

mod'-fe-ni. 

27,5oO 

Gefle, 

yfev'-la. 

8,100 

Montpelier, 

mont-pfel'-yer. 

38,000 

Geneva, 

jen-e'-va. 

29,000 

Moscow, 

nios'-ko. 

S60,0(;0 

Genoa, 

jen'-o-a. 

126,000 

Munich, 

mu'-nik. 

120,000 

Ghent, 

ghfent, 

112,500 

Murcia, 

mur'-she-a. 

65,000 

Gibraltar, 

je-brSl'-ter, 

13,100 

Nancy, 

nan'-se. 

45,100 

Guon, 

he-hon'. 

6,600 

Nante.s, 

nanta. 

96,400 

Glasgow, 

glas'-go. 

360,000 

Naples, 

na'-ples, 

416,( 00 

Gothenburg, 

got'-en-burg. 

29,000 

Nauplia, 

naw'-ple-a. 

14,000 

Gottingen, 

gfet'-ing-en. 

10,700 

Newcastle, 

nu-kas'-sel. 

87,800 

Granada, 

gri-iii'-di. 

61,600 

Nice, 

nees. 

25,000 

Gratz, 

grfets, 

50,000 

Norwich, 

nor'-rij. 

68,700 

Groningen, 

gron'-ing-cii. 

33,700 

Novgorod, 

nov-go-rod'. 

32,000 

Hague, 

haig. 

72,500 

Nuremburg, 

nu'-rem-burg. 

45,400 

Halle, 

h41'-le, 

2o,«00 

Odessa, 

o-des’-sa. 

71.400 

Hamburg, 

ham'-burg. 

161,400 

Olmutz, 

ol'-inutz. 

12,6 0 

Hanover, 

han'-o-ver. 

42,600 

OppRTO, 

o-por'-to. 

80,000 

Havre, 

h^v'-r. 

80,000 

Orel, 

o-rfel'. 

25,700 

Hermanstadt, 

hfer'-min-stitt. 

21,000 

Orleans, 

or'-le-anz. 

47,400 

Hull, 

hull. 

82,600 

Padua, 

pad'-u-a. 

60,000 

Inverness, 

in-ver-nes'. 

12,700 

Paisley, 

j)iz'-le. 

48,000 

Ismail, 

is-mi-fel'. 

21,700 

Palermo, 

pi-ler'-mo. 

167,000 

J ASSY, 

jas'-se. 

20,000 

Paris, 

par'-is. 

1,060,000 

Kalmar, 

kil'-mar, 

6,000 

Parma, 

pSr'-ma, 

40,900 

Kalooga, 

k4-loo'-g4. 

30,000 

Patras, 

pA-tris', 

8,000 

Kazan, 

kfe-zin', 

41,300 

Perth, 

perth. 

24,000 

Kherson, 

ker-s6n', 

24,400 

Pesth, 

pfest, 

65,000 

Kiev, 

ke-fev'. 

47,500 

Plymouth, 

plim'-uth, 

52,200 

Kola, 

ko'-ia, 

1,000 

Portsmouth, 

porta'-muth. 

73,000 

Kongsberg, 

kongs'-berg. 

4,000 

Posen, 

po'-zen, 

32,000 

Konigsberg, 

kfen'-igz-berg. 

76,000 

Potsdam, 

pots'-dam. 

38,000 

Larissa, 

la-ris'-sa. 

20,000 

Prague, 

praig, 

68,700 

Laybach, 

li'-bilk. 

17,400 

Presburo, 

prcs'-burg. 

38,000 

Leeds, 

leeds. 

172,000 

Ragusa, 

ril-goo'-sa, 

6,000 

Leghorn, 

Ifeg'-horn, or Ifeg-horn', 80,000 

Reggio, 

rfed'-jo. 

18,500 

Leipsic, 

lip'-sil:, 

66,000 

Rennes, 

renn, 

39,500 

Lemberg, 

lem'-burg. 

76,000 

Revel, 

rfev'-el. 

25,000 

Leon, 

le'-on. 

7,100 

Rheims, 

reemz, 

45,800 

Leige, 

leej. 

66,500 

Riga, 

re'-gi. 

71,000 

Liegnitz, 

leeg'-nits. 

14,000 

Rome, 

rom, 

176,000 

Lille, 

leel. 

76,000 

Rotterdam, 

rot'-ter-dam. 

89,000 

Limerick, 

lim'-er-ik. 

65,000 

Rouen, 

roo-en', 

100,300 

Limoges, 

le-moj'. 

27,000 

Salamanca, 

ai-ld-ming'-ki. 

14,000 

Lintz, 

lints, 

31,000 

Salerno, 

si-ler'-no. 

19,000 

Lisbon, 

liz'-bon. 

280,000 

Salonica, 

si-lo-ne'-kil. 

75,000 

Liverpool, 

liv'-er-pool, 

380,000 

San Marino, 

sin md-re'-no. 

7,600 

London, 

lun'-dun. 

2,400,000 

Saragossa, 

sd-rd-gos'-sl. 

30,000 

Londonderry, 

lun'-dun-der' 

20,000 

Saratov, 

si-rd-tov'. 

45,000 

L’Orient, 

lo-re-fen'. 

26,000 

Sassari, 

sds'-sd-re. 

24,500 

Lubeck, 

lu'-bfek. 

27,000 

Schwerin, 

shwa-reeu'. 

17,400 

Lublin, 

loo'-blin, 

16,000 

Scutari, 

skoo'-td-re. 

40,000 

Lyons, 

li'-ojiz, or le-ong'. 

2(K),000 1 

Seres, 

s&r'-cs, 

80,000 
















186 

P R 0 N 0 U N C I N G 

VOCABULARY. 



SKTfBAL, 

siV-too'-b;\l, 

15,000 

Bassoraii, 

bils'-so-ra, 

60,000 

Sktastopol, 

s6v'-as-to'-pol. 

40,000 

Benares, 

ben-d'-r^z. 

680,000 

Sktillk, 

sev'-il, or se-vilP, 

86,000 

136,000 

Beyroot, 

b.4'-rool'. 

30,000 

SHKFFIKLD, 

shcf-feld, 

Bokhara, 

bo-kit'-ri. 

160,000 

SHOOMLA, 

sliooni'-li, 

21,000 

Bombay, 

boin-ba'. 

600,000 

SiLlSTRIA, 

se-lis'-lre-i. 

20,000 

Brusa, 

1 Cabool, 

broo'-Sil, 

60,000 

Slkswick, 

slos'-'vik. 

12,000 

11,000 

kdb-ool'. 

60,000 

Slmjo, 

sli'-go, 

sino-lonsk'. 

Calcutta, 

kal-kut'-ta. 

300,000 

Smolensk, 

13,000 

Canton, 

kan'-tun. 

1,000,000 

Sophia, 

so-fe'-A, 

60,000 

Cashmere, 

kasli-meer'. 

200,000 

SoCTHAMPTON, 

suth-liamp'-tun. 

35,500 

i Chinyang, 

shin-yang'. 

120,000 

St. Etienne, 

sint a-te-fea', 

66,000 

Colombo, 

ko-luin'-bo. 

32,0(W 

Stettin, 

st&t-tecn', 

47,000 

1 Dacca, 

dak'-ka, 

da-inas'-kus. 

200,000 

St. Petersburg, 

pe'-ters-burg. 

533,000 

Da.mascus, 

112,000 

Stockholm, 

st6k'-h6in, 

93,000 

Delhi, 

del'-le. 

260,000 

Strasburg, 

etr4s'-burg, 

75,000 

Derayeh, 

da-ri'-eh. 

15,000 

Stuttgart, 

stoot'-gart. 

30,000 

Diarbekir, 

de'-ar-be-kcor', 

40,000 

Syracuse, 

sir'-a-kuz, 

11,000 

Eelee, 

e'-le, 

75,000 

Taranto, 

ti'-rAn-to, 

15,000 

Erzroom, 

orz-iooni'. 

50,000 

Te.mesvar, 

tcin-esh-var'. 

19,000 

12,700 

IIangchowfoo, 

hing'-chow'-foo'. 

Thorn, 

torn, 

Herat, 

hor-ilt'. 

30,000 

Toledo, 

to-le'-do. 

13,000 

Hue, 

hoo'-i, 

60,000 

Tornea, 

tor'-ne-a, 

700 

Hyderabad,- 

hi'-der-a-bad'. 

200,000 

Tortosa, 

tor-to'-sa. 

20,600 

Hydrabad, 

liI-drA-bdd', 

20,000 

Toulon, 

too'-lon', 

70,000 

Irkootsk, 

ir-kootsk'. 

120,000 

Toulouse, 

too'-loo//. 

95,000' 

Ispahan, 

is-pa-liiln'. 

150,000 

Tours, 

Trapani, 

toor, 

tri'-pil-nc. 

35,000 

Jerusalem, 

je-ru'-sa-lpiH, 

20,000 

26,000 

.JiGA Gounggar, 

.je'-gil goong'-gar'. 

100,000 

Trieste, 

Tripolitza, 

tre-cst'. 

61,000 

Kars, 

kirs, 

12,000 

tre-po-Ut'-zi, 

10,000 

Kashgar, 

ka.sh'-gir'. 

16,000 

Troyes, 

troi. 

27,500 

Kelat, 

ke-lat'. 

12,000 

Turin, 

tu'-riii. 

143,0OO 

Ketcho, 

ketch'-o, * 

100,000 

Tver, 

tver. 

21,000 

Khiva, 

ke'-vii, 

10,000 

Ulm, 

film, 

13,500 

Khokan, 

ko'-kiln'. 

80,000 

Upsal, 

iip'-sal, 

5,000 

Kiakhta, 

ke-Ak'-t4, 

5,000 

Valencia, 

vil-lSii'-sho-a, 

val-la-do-16d'. 

76,000 

Kingkitao, 

king-ke-td'-o. 

V alladolid, 

30,000 

Lahore, 

li\-hor'. 

20,000 

Varna, 

vi\r'-iul. 

14,000 

Lassa, 

las'-.sa. 

50,000 

Venice, 

Y&n'-is, 

120,000 

Lucknow, 

luck'-now'. 

300,000 

Verona, 

va-ro'-Dil, 

48,000 

Macao, 

ni^-kow', 

40,000 

Vienna, 

ve-eii'-nd. 

408,000 

Madras, 

ma-dras'. 

720,000 

ViLNA, 

vil'-na, 

52,500 

Makmaitchin, 

nil-nil-diin'. 

1,500 

\V'arsaw, 

war'-saw, 

164,000 

Malacca, 

md-lac'-ca. 

12,000 

Waterford,. 

wd'-ter-ford. 

25,000 

Mecca, 

niek'-ka. 

30,000 

Wick, 

Tvik, 

11,800 

Medina, 

me-de'-n<l. 

20,000 

WiDIN, 

vid'-din, 

25,000 

Meshed, 

mosh'-ed. 

45,000 

WiELICSKA, 

vc-litch'-ka. 

4,500 

Miako, 

ine-a'-ko. 

500,000 

Yanina, 

yan'-ne-n^. 

36,000 

Mocha, 

nio'-ki. 

7,000 

Yaroslay, 

yd-ro-sliv', 

35,000 

Monchoboo, 

nion-cho-boo'. 

4,000 

York, 

york, 

40,000 

Mosul, 

1110'-sul. 

40,000 

Zurich, 

zu'-rik, 

Asia. 

17,400 

' 

Muscat, 

Nagpoor, 

Nanking, 

Okhotsk, 

mu.s-kat', 

ii^g-poor', 

iiAn-king', 

o-kotsk', 

40,000 

115,000 

400,000 

800 

Aden, 

i'-deii, 

20,000 

O.MSK, 

Omsk, 

11,500 

Ahmedabad, 

&-nied-A-bad', 

100,000 

OoJEIN, 

oo-ji\n'. 

Aleppo, 

a-lep'-po. 

75,000 

Osaka, 

o-s<V-kll, 

800,000 

Amarapoora, 

din-d-ra-poo'-rS, 


Patna, 

pat'-na. 

284,000 

Amherst, 

am'-erst. 

5,000 

Peking, 

Peshawer, 

pe'-king'. 

1,500,000 

Amoy, 

4-moi,' 

300,000 

p6sh-ow'-cr, 

pe'-tra. 

50,000 

Amritseer, 

&m-rit-seer', 

115,000 

Petra, 

Aya, 

S'-va, 

25,000 

Petropualovski, 

pi\-tro-pow-lov'-ske. 

900 

Bagdad, 

big-dild'. 

65,000 

PoONAH, 

poo'-na. 

90,000 

Bangkok, 

bau-kok'. 

60,000 

Rangoon, 

rSiig'-goon', 

20,000 

Barnaul, 

bar-nowl', 

10,000 

Reshd, 

Saghalien, 

rJ.sht, 

50,000 

Baroda, 

bi-ro'-da. 

100,000 

si-gd-le'-en. 













% 

P R 0 N 0 U N C I N G 

V 0 0 A B U L A R Y. 


187 

Saigou, 

si-gon'. 

180,000 

Mombas, 

inoni'-bd.s. 

2,000 

!Sa.MARC AND, 

SiViiiir kSiKi', 

10,000 

Monrovia, 

moil to' vt‘-a. 

2,000 

Sana, 

sA-Uil', 

40,000 

Moorzook, 

inoor-zook'. 

8.600 

Shanghai, 

shang' lii'. 

190,000 

Moroico, 

ino-rok'-ko. 

100,000 

Shkkraz, 

she-raz'. 

5>O,000 

M( ZAMBIQUE, 

nio-zain-biH'k', 

4,000 

Singapore, 

sing' gA i)Oie', 

5 ),000 

New Benguela, 

new bdn gd' la, 


Smyrna, 

fiinyr'Mia, 

160,000 

New Dongola, 

new dong go-id, 

4,000 

Sr RAT, 

foo'-iAt', 

157,000 

Obeii), 

o-bad'. 

30,000 

Tabreez, 

td' brcez', • 

60,000 

Oran, 

o-ran'. 

24,000 

Tasukend, 

tdsh-keiuT, 

40,000 

Pietermaritzburg, 

pe'-ter-ind-ritz burg, 

2,000 

Teentsin, 

tecnt' soon', 


Quilimane, 

ke-le*nid'-iu'i. 

2,000 

Teheran, 

teh'-hcr-AiT, 

60,000 

Kabatt, 

rd'-bdt', 

27,000 

Tiflis, 

til'-lis. 

60,000 

Bosetta, 

ro-zet'-td. 

4,000 

Tobolsk, 

to-bolsk', 

20,000 

Saucatoo, 

sdk-kd-too'. 

40,000 

Tomsk, 

toinsk, 

24,000 

San Salvador, 

sdn sdl va-doi'. 

•20,000 

Trebizond, 

treb'-e-zoiid'. 

40,000 

Sego, 

se'-go, 

30,000 

Yakootsk, 

A'A'-kootsk', 

7,000 

Sennaar, 

sdu-ndr'. 

4,000 

Yarkand, 

Tdr'-kdiid', 

100,000 

SlOOT, 

SP-OOt', 

20,000 

Y EDDO, 

)Ad'-do, 

1,600,000 

Sofala, 

so-l'd'-ld, 


Y EKATERINBOORG, 

)'a-kA-ti\-riu-boorg', 

16,000 

St. Louis, 

sAnt loo'-is. 

12,000 




St. Paul de Loanda, 

da lo-an'-dd. 



Africa. 


Tamatav, 

td-md-tdv', 





Tananarivoo, 

td-nd-nd'-rc-voo', 

12,000 

Abbeokoota, 

ab-bc-o-koo'-td. 

60,000 

Teem BOO, 

teem'-boo. 

16,000 

Abomey, 

ab'-o-niiV, 

20,000 

Timbuctoo, 

tecm-buk'-too, 

12,000 

Alexandria, 

al-cx-au'-dre-a. 

60,000 

Tooggoort, 

toog-goort'. 


Algiers, 

dl-jccrz'. 

95,000 

Tripoli, 

tiip'-o-le. 

15,000 

Axgornoc, 

dn-gor-iioo', 

80,000 

Tunis, 

tu'-ni.'». 

180,000 

Antalo, 

dn-td'-lo. 

8,000 

Zeyla, 

zA'-ld, 

600 

Batherst, 

bath'-urst. 

3,000 

ZUEELA, 

zoo-e'-la. 


Bengazi, , 

ben-gd'-zo. 

5,000 




Benin, 

bcu-oon'. 

15,000 

Oceanica. 


Kerbera, 

bcr'-be-ra. 

15,000 




Bona, 

ko'-nd, 

10,000 

Acheen, 

at-eheen'. 

40,000 

Booda, 

boo'-da. 

•s 

Adelaide, 

ad'-e- lad. 

20,000 

Cairo, 

kl'-ro. 

250,000 

Albany, 

al'-ba-ne. 


Cape Town, 

kdp town, 

23,000 

Banjermassin, 

bdn-yer-md.s-sin', 

1,600 i 

Constantine, 

kou'-stan-teen', 

28,000 

Batavia, 

ba-ta'-ve-a. 

120,000 

COOMASSIE, 

' koo-nids'-sc. 

18,000 

Bencoolen, 

ben-koo'-len. 

6,000 

Pamietta, 

dain-e-c*t'-ta. 

28,000 

Borneo, 

bor'-ne-o. 

22,000 

Derne, 

der'-ndh. 

6,000 

Brisbane, 

briz'-bdn. 

1,000 

Fez, 

fez. 

90,000 

Freemantle, 

ire'-man-tl. 


Freetown, 

frc'-town. 

18,000 

Hilo, 

lii'-lo, 


Georgetown, 

jorj' town. 


Hobart Town, 

lio'-bart-town. 

26,000 

Gondar, 

gon'-dar, 

6,000 

Honolulu, 

lion'-o-loo'-loo, 

6,000 

Graham’s Town, 

gra'-hainz town, 

6,000 

Kaaha, 

kd-d-lid'. 


Kairwan, 

kir'-wan, 

60,000 

Kealakeakua, 

kd-ld-kA-d-l.oo'-d, 


Kano, 

kd'-no'. 

30,000 

Lahaina, 

la-lii'-nd, 


K at UNO A, 

kd-tung'-gd. 

18,00) 

.Macassar, 

ma*kd.s'-;ar. 

20,000 

K EM MOO, 

kcin'-inoo, 


Manilla, 

md-ne'-la. 

140,1100 

Khartoom, 

kar-tooin'. 

18,000 

Melbou rne. 

mel'-burn, 

60,000 

Kobbe, 

kob'-be, 

6,0(0 

Padang, 

pd-ddng', 

22,000 

Kurricane, 

kur-ro-kd'-na, 

16,000 

Palembang, 

pa'-lein-bdng', 

26,000 

Lattakoo, 

Idt-ta-koo', 


Perth, 

piTth, 


IjOANGOj 

lo-ang'-go, 

20,000 

Portland, 

jMirt'-land, 


Magadoxo, 

mag-a-dox'-o, 

4,000 

Samarano, 

sd-ind- rang', 

.50,000 

Mananzary, 

nid-ndn-zd'-re', 


Sarawak, 

sd-id'-wdk'. 

12,000 

Massowah, 

mds'-so-wd. 

4,000 

Sydney, 

sid’-nc. 

100,0(X) 

Mequinez, 

mdk’-e-ndz'. 

60,000 

Wairukc, 

wa-ru'-ku. 


Mescrata, 

ines-oo*rd'*td, 


/ 





















188 


PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY. 


Adkn, 

III, 

i'-(lun, or 

Adriatic, 

ad-re-at'-ik. 

.La KAN, 

e-je'-an. 

Aluemarlk, 

ar-bc-Diarl. 

Alcoa, 

al-fro'-A. 

All Saints, 

all s:\nts. 

Anadir, 

iVn;l-deer'. 

Antarctic, 

aiit-ilik'-tik. 

Antongil, 

iiii-toii-zhcer. 

ArPALACHEE, 

ap-pa-U'-che. 

A RA III AN, 

ar-a'-bc-aii. 

Aral, 

ar'-al. 

Archipelago, 

ar-ke-pel'-a-go. 

A rctic. 

Hrk'-tik. 

Atlantic, 

at-lan'-tik. 

.VZOK, 

a'-zof. 

Baefin’s, 

baf'-finz. 

Baltic, 

bill'-tik. 

Bengal, 

bcn-gal'. 

Benin, 

bcii-eeii'. 

Bembatooka, 

bein-ba-too'-ka. 

Biafra, 

be-af'-ra. 

Biscay, 

bis'-ka. 

Black, 

Blanco, 

blak. 

bliiii'-ko. 

Bonavista, 

bo-na-vis'-ta. 

Boothia, 

boo'-the-A. 

IfoTANY, 

bot'-a-iie. 

Bothnia, 

both'-nc-A. 

Brede, 

bra'-di\. 

Bristol, 

bris'-tol. 

Burgas, 

boor-gas'. 

Cares, 

kAb'-es. 

California, 

kal-e-lbr'-nc-a. 

Cambay, 

kam-ba'. 

Cambridge, 

kaiii'-brij. 

Campeachy, 

kam-pe'-che. 

Carpentaria, 

kAr-])oii-ta'-rc-a. 

Caribbean, 

kAr-rib-be'an. 

Caspian, 

kAs'-pe-aii. 

Chalecr, 

sliA-loor'. 

Charlotte, 

sliar'-lot. 

Chatham, 

cbat'-ani. 

Chesapeake, 

cbes'-a-peck. 

China, 

cbi'-ua. 

Choco, 

cbo'-ko. 

Chonos, 

ko'-nos. 

Concepcion, 

koii-s?‘p-se-6n'. 

Coral, 

Corea, 

kor'-al. 

ko-rc'-a. 

Coronation, 

kor-o-iia'-sbuii. 

Corpus Chiusti, 

kor'-pus kris'-te. 


Babel Mandkd, 

bAb-i‘l-nian'-deb. 

Bank, 

bank. 

Barrow, 

bar'-row. 

Bass, 

bA.s. 

Behrings, 

bo'-riugz. 

Bellisle, 

b61-ile'. 

Bonifacio, 

bo-ne-fa'-cho. 

Bosporus, 

bos'-po-rus. 


OCEANS, SEAS, 

GULFS AND B 

Cruz, 

krooz. 

CUTCII, 

kutcb. 

Darien, 

da-ri-on'. 

Dead, 

Delagoa, 

d6d. 

del-a-go'-a. 

Delaware, 

d6r-a-war. 

Disco, 

dis'-ko. 

Donegal, 

doii'-e-gal. 

Eastern, 

^st'-ern. 

English, 

ing'-lish. 

Faxe, 

faks'-i. 

Finland, 

fin'-land. 

Forth, 

forth. 

Fundy, 

fun'-de. 

Galveston, 

gal'-ves-tiin. 

Galway, 

g^l'-wa. 

Genoa, 

jen'-o-a. 

Georgia, 

jor'-je-a. 

Great Fish, 

grit fish. 

Guatamala, 

gwa-te-nnV-lil. 

Guayaquil, 

gwl-i-kcel'. • 

Guaytecas, 

gwi-ta'-kAs. 

Guinea, 

gliin'-ne. 

Halifax, 

hal'-e-fax. 

Honduras, 

hon-doo'-ras. 

Hudson, 

hud'-sim. 

Humboldt, 

huni'-bolt. 

Indian, 

in'-de-an. 

Irish, 

I'-rish. 

Islands, Bay of. 

I'-lands. 

James’s, 

jiniz'-ez.. 

Japan, 

JlJIGINSK, 

ja-paii'. 

je-je-gbinsk'. 

Kamtchatka 

kAm-chat'-ka. 

Kara, 

kA'-rA. 

Lena, 

hV-iiA. 

Lyons, 

ll'-oiiz. 

Madre de Dios, 

ma'-dn’i dA de'-is. 

Maracaybo, 

niA-ra-kl'-bo. 

Marmora, 

Martaban, 

mAr'-iiio-ra. 

mar'-ta-ban'. 

Massachusetts, 

iiias-sa-chu'-scts. 

Matagorda, 

iiiat-a-gor'-da. 

Mediterranean, 

iiicd-i-ter-ra'- 

nc-an. 

Melville, 

nicl'-vil. 

Mexico, 

mcx'-i-co. 

Mobile, 

mo-beel'. 

Monterey, 

nion-ta-ri'. 

Murray, 

niur'-re. 

Narragansett, 

nar-ra-gan'-set. 

North, 

north. 


IV. STRAITS 

AND CHANNELS 

Bristol, 

bris'-tol. 

Canadian, 

ka-iia'-de-an. 

Canso, 

kaii'-so. 

Cattegat, 

kat'-te-gat. 

Charlotte, 

shAr'-lot. 

Cook, 

kook. 

Corea, 

ko-re'-a. 

Cumberland, 

kuni'-ber-land. 


4YS. 


Notre Dame, 

not'-r dam. 

Obi, 

o'-be. 

Okhotsk, 

o'-kotsk. 

Onega, 

o-ne'-ga. 

Ormus, 

or'-nuis. 

Pacific, 

pi-sif'-ik. 

Pamlico, 

pain'-le-ko. 

Panama, 

piii-a-ma'. 

Paranagua, 

pi-ri-iiil'-giia. 

Paria, 

Passamaquoddy, 

pi'-ro-A. 

pas-sa-nia- 

quod'-de, 

Peciieelee, 

pi-che-le'. 

Penas, 

p6ii’-yas. 

Penjinsk, 

pi'ii-jinsk'. 

Penobscot, 

pe-nob'-skot. 

Pensacola, 

peu-sa-ko'-la. 

Persian, 

per'-shaii. 

PiNZON, 

pin-z6ii'. 

Placentia, 

pla-scii'-shA. 

Plenty’, 

pleu'-te. 

Prince of Wales, 

prins of walz. 

Queen Adelaide’s, 

ad'-c-lad. 

Red, 

red. 

Riga, 

ri'-ga. 

San Diego, 

sail de-a'-go. 

San Francisco, 

sAn frAu-sis'-ko. 

Shark's, 

sharkz. 

Siam, 

sT'-ain. 

Sidra, 

sid'-ra. 

Spencer, 

speii'-scr. 

St. George’s, 

jor'-jos. 

St. Helena, 

hel-e'-iia. 

St. Layvrence, 

sAiit law' rcns. 

St. Matthias, 

saiit mat-thi'-as. 

Tampa, 

tam'-pa 

Taranto, 

tA' lAii to. 

Teiieskaya, 

tA-hcs-ki'ya. 

Tehuantepec, 

ta wAii til pok'. 

Tomsk, 

tomsk. 

Tonquin, 

ton-koon'. 

Ungava, 

fiii-gA'-va. 

Venezuela, 

veii-cz we'-Ia. 

Victoria, 

vik-to'-rc-a. 

Walvisch, 

wAl'-vish. 

White, 

wliite. 

Yeddo, 

yed'-do. 

Yellow, 

yel'-low. 

Yenisee, 

yf'ii-c-sA'-e. 

Y ESSO, 

ycs'-so. 

ZuY DER Zee, 

zl-dcr-ze'. 


Dardanelles. 

dar-dA-ntlz'. 

Davis, 

da'-vis. 

Dover, 

do'-ver. 

English, 

ing'-lish. 

Florida, 

flor'-c-da. 

Formosa, 

for-mo'-sa. 

Foveaux, 

fo-vo'. 

Frobisher, 

frob’-ish-er. 
















PRONOUNCING 

VOCABULARY. 

189 

GtBRALTAR, 

je-brS,P-ter. 

Mozambique, 

mo-zam-beek'. 

Smith, 

smith. 

Hudson’s, 

Juan de Fuca, 

hud'-suiiz. 

North, 

Northumberland, 

north. 

The Sound, 

sound. 

ju'-an da fu'-ki\. 

north-uin'-bcr- 

St. Mary’s, 

sint ina'-riz. 

Lancaster, 

lan'-kas-ter. 

land. 

SUNDA, 

sun'-da. 

Le Maire. 

le inir. 

Norton, 

nor'-tun. 

Tartary, 

tilr'-tdr-rc. 

Long Island, 

long I'-land. 

Ormus, 

or'-mus. 

Torres, 

tor'-res. 

Macassar, 

niA-kAs'-sar. 

Otranto, 

o-tr4n'-to. 

Victoria, 

vik-to'-re-a. 

Magellan, 

mi-jel'-lan. 

Palk’s, 

pawks. 

Wellington, 

wel'-ling-tun. 

Malacca, 

mS-lak'-ka. 

Perouse, 

pe-rooz'. 

Yenikale, 

ySn-e-kd'-la. 

Manaar, 

mA-n4r'. 

Prince Regent’s, 

prins re'-gents. 

Yesso, 

Yucatan, 

yes'-so. 

Melville, 

mel'-vil. 

Prince William, 

prins wil'-vum. 

yu-kd-tan'. 

Messina, 

nies-se'-n4. 

Skager Rack, 

skag'-cr rak. 


North America. 

y. ISLANDS. 

Shoomagins, shoo-ina'-gin.s. 

Bornholm, 

born'-holm. 

Anticosti, 

an-te-kos'-tc. 

Sitka, 

Southampton, 

sit -ka. 

south-anip'-tun. 

Candia, 

Cephalonia, 

kan'-de-d. 

s6l-d-lo'-ne-d. 

Antilles, 

an-teel'. 

The Three MARiAS,iim-rl'-as. 

Cerigo, 

ch6r'-e-go. 

Bahama, 

ba-hi'-ma. 

Tiburn, 

tl'-liurn. 

Corfu, 

kor'-fu. 

Baring, 

ba'-ring. 

Tortugas, 

tor-too'-gas. 

Corsica, 

kor'-sc-ka. 

Bermudas, 

ber-moo'-da. 

Vancouver’s, 

van-koo'-verz. 

Cyclades, 

' sik'-la-diz. 

Boothia, 

boo'-the-a. 

Victoria, 

vik-to'-re-a. 

Cyprus, 

si'-prus. 

Cape Breton, 
Caribbees, 

kip brit'-un. 
kar'-re-biz. 

South America. 

Dago, 

Elba, 

dd'-go. 
cl '-ba. 

Carmen, 

Cerros, 

kir'-men. 

scr'-ros. 

Abrolhos, 

4-br6l'-y6se. 

Fal.ster, 

Faroe, 

fdl'-ster. 

la'-ro. 

Cozumel, 

ko-zoo-meP, 

Balleny, 

bal'-le-ne. 

Funen, 

Gothland, 

Great Britain, 

fu'-nen. 

Cuba, 

ku'-ba. 

Barbadoes, 

b4r-ba'-doz. 

goth'-land. 

Cumberland, 

kum'-ber-land. 

Buen Ayre, 

bwen Ir'-a. 

grit brit'-un. 

Disco, 

dis'-ko. 

Cananea, 

kl-na-ni'-4. 

Guernsey, 

ghurn'-ze. 

Espiritu Santo, 

&s-pir'-e-too 

Chiloe, 

cheel-o-i'. 

Hebridez, 

heb'-rid-ez. 


s4n'-to. 

CuRACOA, 

ku-ra-so'-a. 

Iceland, 

ise'-land. 

Florida Keys, 

flor'-e-da keez. 

Falkland, 

falk'-land. 

Ionian, 

Ireland, 

I-o'-ne-an. 

’ Greenland, 

green'-land. 

Gallipagos, 

gal-li-pi'-gc)S. 
gra'-amz land. 

Ire'-laud. 

Georgian, 

jor'-je-an. 

Graham’s Land, 

IVICA, 

e-ve'-sd. 

Great MANiTOULiNE,man-o-too'-lip. 

Grenada, 

gren-i'-da. 

Jersey, 

jer'-ze. 

Guanhani, 

gwa-ii4-h4'-ne. 

Hermit, 

her'-niit. 

Laaland, 

hV-land. 

Hayti, 

hi\'-tc. 

Itamaraca, 

e-ti-niil-ra'-ca. 

Lipari, 

lip-a'-re, or 

le'-pd-re. 

Iceland, 

ise'-land. 

Joannes, 

jo-4n'-nes. 


Jamaica, 

ja-nii'-ka. 

Juan Fernandez, 

ju'-an fer-nan'- 

Loffoden, 

lof'-fo-den. 

Kodiak, 

ko'-de-ak. 


dez. 

Mageroe, 

niaj'-er-o. 

Long, 

long. 

Lobos, 

Margarita, 

lo'-bos. 

Majorca, 

nia-jor'-kd. 

Magdalen, 

inag'-da-len. 

niar-ga-re'-ta. 

Malta, 

mill'-td. 

Manitouline, 

man-c-too'-lin. 

Puna, 

poo'-n4. 

Man, 

man. 

Mansfield, 

inans'-fild. 

Quibo, 

South Georgian, 

ke'-bo. 

Minorca, 

niin-or'-kd. 

Margarita, 

m4r-ga-re'-ta. 

jor'-je-an. 

Mitylene, 

mit-c-le'-ne. 

Martha’s Vineyard, iiiar'-thaz 

Staten Land, 

stat'-en land. 

Negropont, 

neg'-ro-pont. 


viu'-yard. 

St. Anne, 

sint an. 

Oesel, 

e'-sel. 

Melville, 

mel'-vil. 

St. Catiiarina, 

.sint ki\-ta-re'-na. 

Gland, 

o'-land. 

Nantucket, 

nan-tuk'-et. 

St. Felix, 

sant fe'-lix. 

Orkney, 

Rhodes, 

ork'-ne. 

Newfoundland, 

nu'-fund-land. 

St. Sebastian, 

sint se-bast'-yan. 

rodz. 

North Devon, 

north dev'-on. 

St. Vincent, 

sint vin'-sent. 

Rugkn, 

ru'-ghen. 

Nunnivak, 

noo-ne-v4k'. 

Terra del Fuego, 

tor'-ri del fwa'-go 

Samos, 

sd'-mos. 

Orleans, 

or'-Ie-anz. 

Tobago, 

to-ba'-go. 

Sardinia, 

sdr-din'-e-a. 

Porto Rico, 

p6r'-to re'-ko. 

Trinidad, 

trin-i-dad'. 

ScARPANTO, 

skdr-pan'-to. 

Pines, Isle of. 

pines. 

Wellington, 

wel'-ling-tun. 

SCILLY, 

sil'-le. 

Prince Edward, 
Prince William, 

prins ed'-ward. 
prins wil'-yum. 

Europe. 

SOROE, 

Spitzbergen, 

so'-ro. 

spitz-bfrj'-cn. 

Queen Charlotte, 
Revillagigedo, 

shar'-lot. 

ri-veeP-yi-he- 

Aland, 

a'-land. 

Stalimni, 

Wight, 

std-liin'-ne. 

wit. 


hi'-do. 

Anglesea, 

ang'-g’l-se, 

az'-6r8. 

Zante, 

zdn'-te. 

Santa Barbara, 

s4n'-t4 bir'-ba-ra 

Azores, 

Zealand, 

ze'-land. 


















190 

PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY. 



Asia. 

Pemba, 

pom'-ha. 

Melville, 

mol'-vil. 



Prince’s, 

prins'-ez. 

Mindanao, 

min-da-ni'-o. 

Andaman, 

an-da-man'. 

Seychelles, 

.sa-sheP. 

Mindoro, 

min-do'-ro. 

Bahrein, 

bi-ri\ne'. 

Socotra, 

sok-o'-trS. 

Mitch ell’.s. 

mitch'-clz. 

Behrings, 

be'-riiigz. 

St. Helena, 

Si\nt hel-e'-na. 

Molokai, 

mo-lo-kl'. 

Ceylon, 

sc'-lon. 

St. Thomas, 

sint tom'-as. 

Mortlock, 

niort'-lok. 

Coralline, 

kor'-al-lin. 

Zanzibar, 

zaii'-ze-bar. 

Mulgrave, 

rnul'-griv. 

Cyprus, 

sl'-prus. 



Navigator, 

nav'-i-ga-tor. 

Faihevskoi, 

fa-de-ev'-skoi. 

Oceanica. 

New Britain, 

nu brit'-en. 

Formosa, 

for-ino'-sa. 



New Caledonia, 

nu kal-o-do'-ne-a. 

Hainan, 

hi-iu\n.' 

Admiralty, 

ad'-mi-ral'-tc. 

New Georgia, 

nu jor'-je-i. 

Hong Kong, 

hong kong'. 

America, 

a-mcr'-e-ka. 

New Guinea, 

nu ghin'-e. 

Jl'nk Qeylon, 

junk se'-lon. 

Anson’s, 

an'-sunz. 

New Hebrides, 

nu heb'-re-dez. 

Kioosioo, 

ke-oo'-se-ooL 

Arroo, 

ar-roo'. 

New Ireland, 

nu Ire'-laiul. 

Kisiim, 

kish'-cin. 

Austral, 

aws'-tral. 

Neyv Leinster, 

nu lin'-stcr. 

Koorile, 

koo'-ril. 

Australasia, 

aws-tral-a'-she-a. 

New Munster, 

nu mun'-stor. 

Kotelnoi, 

ko-tel-noi'. 

Australia, 

aw.s-tra'-le-a. 

New Ulster, 

nu-iil'-stcr. 

Laccadive, 

lik'-ka-(Iiv. 

Bally, 

baP-le. 

New Zealand, 

nu ze'-land. 

Liaghokf, 

le-ig'-hoi'. 

Banca, 

bank'-ka. 

Niiiau, 

ne-how'. 

Loo Choo, 

loo choo'. 

Bonin, 

bo-necn'. 

Nookaiieeva, 

noo-kA-he'-Vi\. 

Maldive, 

niaP-div. 

Borneo, 

bor'-ue-o. 

Norfolk, 

nor'-fiik. 

New Siiieria, 

nu si-be'-re-a. 

Caroline, 

kar'-o-lin. 

Oahu, 

YVil'-hoo. 

Nicodar, 

iiik'-o-bar. 

Celebes, 

s&l'-e-bSs. 

OWHYEE, 

o-wi'-hc. 

XlPHON, 

ni-f'on'. 

Central, 

seii'-tral. 

Palawan, 

9 1 9 9 f 

pA-la-wan . 

Nova Zembla, 

no'-va zcni'-bla. 

Chatham, 

chat'-am. 

J’alliser, 

pal-li'-.‘icr. 

1’enang, 

pe-nang'. 

Christmas, 

krist'-mas. 

Palmyras, 

pal-ml'-ras. 

Qiielpaert, 

kw6l'-part. 

Cook’s, 

kooks. 

Pearl, 

purl. 

Saghalien, 

sa-giVlc'-cn. 

De Peyster, 

dc pi'-ster. 

Pelew, 

pc-lcw'. 

SlKOKF, 

sc-kot'. 

Ducie, 

du'-se. 

Philippine, 

fil'-ip-in. 

Singapore, 

sing-ga-poro' 

Easter, 

is'-ter. 

Pitcairn, 

pit'-kini. 

Socotra, 

sok-o'-trA. 

Egmont, 

eg'-mont. 

Radack, 

riVdilk'. 

Staten, 

stat'-en. 

Ego I, 

e-goi'. 

Ren NELL, 

ren-neP. 

Sumatra, 

soo-nuV-trA. 

Friendly, 

frcnd'-le. 

Sandalyvood, 

sau'-dal-wood. 

Tchantar, 

chAn'-tA. 

Feejee, 

fe'-Jc. 

Sandwich, 

sand'-wich. 

Y ESSO, 

yes''SO. 

Flores, 

flo'-ros. 

Sangir, 

siln-gheer'. 



Gambier, 

gam'-bc-cr. 

Samar, 

sA-mar'. 

Africa. 

Gilberts, 

gil'-bertz. 

Scarborough, 

sk<ir'-biir-i(). 



Gilolo, 

je-lo'-lo. 

Society, 

so-si'-e-tc. 

Aim EL CuRi;(, 

Ahd cl koo-re'-A. 

Guadalupe, 

gwA-da-loo'-pA. 

Soloman’s, 

sol'-o-nninz. 

Amirante, 

ani-e-rant'. 

Hall, 

hill. 

SOOLOO, 

soo-loo'. 

Annobon, 

An-no-bon'. 

Hapai, 

ha'-pT. 

Spice, 

spis. 

Ascension, 

as-sen'-shun 

Hawaii, 

lul-wa'-e. 

St. Andrew’s, 

si\nt an'-drews. 

Azores, 

az'-6rz. 

.Java, 

• -i , 9 

ja -va. 

St. Paul’s, 

si\nt pawlz'. 

Bourbon, 

boor-bon'. 

Kaiioolawe, 

ki-hoo-la'-we. 

Strong’s, 

strongs. 

Canary', 

ka-na'-re. 

Kauhai, 

kow'-hl. 

Sumatra, 

soo-ma'-tra. 

Cape Verde, 

ki\p verd'. 

Keeling, 

keol'-ing. 

SUMBAWA, 

soom-baiv'-wa. 

Comoro, 

kom'-o-ro. 

Kermadec, 

ker-ma-dek'. 

Tahiti, 

ta-he'-te. 

Knderby, 

en'-der-be. 

La DRONES, 

Idd-ronz'. 

Tasyvell’s, 

tas'-wols. 

Fernando Po, 

for-nAn'-do po'. 

Lanai, 

li'-nl. 

Timor, 

te'-mor. 

Kerguelen, 

kcrg-c-lcn'. 

Louisiade, 

loo-e-ze-i\d'. 

Tonga, 

ton'-ga. 

Madagascar, 

inad-a-gas'-kar. 

Luzon, 

loo-zon'. 

Torres, 

tor'-res. 

Madeira, 

niA-do'-i’A. 

Magellan’s, 

ma-jel'-lanz. 

Ulalan, 

oo-la'-lan. 

Mascarentia, 

inas-ka-rcn'-she-a 

Malay'sia, 

mal-a'-she-a. 

Van Dieman’s Land 

v3n de'-manz 

Mauritius, 

mau-rish'-e-us. 

Mauouesas, 

mar-ki'-sas. 


land. 

Monfia, 

niou-l'e'-a. 

Maui, 

mow'-e. 




VI. PENINSULAS, 

ISTHMUSES, AND CAPES. 


North 

America. 

Bauld, 

bawld. 1 

Charles, 

chSrlz. 


1 

Breyvstf.r, 

bru'-stor. I 

Chudleigh, 

chud'-le. 

A LASKA, 

Al-As'-kA. 

California, 

kal-o-for'-ne-a. i 

Cod, 

kod. 

Ann, 

an. 

Canaveral, 

kan-av'-c-ral. 1 

Conception, 

kon-sep'-shun. 

Barrow, 

bAr'-ro. 

Canso, 

kan'-so. 

CORRIENTES, 

kor-re-en'-tes. 

Bathurst, 

bath '-iir.st. 

Catociie, 

ki-to'-che. 

Darien, 

da-re'-cu'. 






















PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY. 


IJl 


Des Montes, 

da inon'-ta. 

Gallinas, 

gal-vo'-nas. 

Rasalhad, 

ris-al-hid'. 

Desconocida, 

da'-koii-o-se'-da. 

Horn, 

horn. 

Romania, 

ro-mi'-no-a. 

Elizabeth, 

e-liz'-a-bcth. 

North, 

north. 

St. Tiiadd.eus, 

sint thad'-de-ns. 

Farewell, 

fare-wel'. 

Orange, 

or'-anj. 

Suez, 

soo-6z'. 

Fear, 

Flattery, 

fear. 

fiat'-tcr re. 

Pillar, 

San Francisco, 

pil'-lar. 

frin-sis'-ko. 

Zelania, 

ze-li'-ne-a. 

Florida, 

flor'-e-da. 

San Lorenzo, 

lo-rbn'-zo. 

A Prion. 

Gracias a Dios, 

gra'-se-As A de'-is. 

St. Antonio, 

in-to'-ne-o. 



H.4TTERAS, 

Henlouen, 

hat'-tcr-as. 

heii-lo'-peii. 

St. Roy UK, 

rok. 

Ambro, 

Agulhas, 

am'-bro. 

i-gool'yas. 

Henry, 

Icy, 

hen’-ry. 

I'-.se. 

Europe. 

Bassas, 

Bon, 

bas'-sas. 

bon. 

Labrador, 

lab'-ra-dor. 

Clear, 

CORSO, 

klir. 

Bojador, 

boj-a-dor'. 

Lookout, 

look-out'. 

kor'-so. 

Blanco, 

blan'-ko. 

Malabar, 

nial'a-bAr. 

Cri.mea, 

krim'-e-a. 

CoRRIENTES, 

kor-re-en'-tSs. 

May, 

mi. 

Finisterre, 

fin-is-tair'. 

Cross, 

kros. 

Mendocino, 

m6n-do-se'-no. 

Gata, 

gi'-ti. 

Delgado, 

del-gi'-do. 

Morro Hermoso, 

mor'-ro her- 

La IIogi e, 

la hig'. 

Frio, 

free'-o. 


mo'-so. 

L.vnd’s End, 

landz end'. 

Guardafui, 

gwir-di-fwe'. 

North, 

Nova Scotia, 

north. 

Matapan, 

mit-i-pin'. 

Good Hope, 

good hop'. 

no-va sko'-she-a. 

Naze, 

niz. 

Noon, 

noon. 

Orford, 

or'-ford. 

North, 

north. 

Orfui, 

Palmas, 

or'-fwe. 

Palma, 

pal'-ma. 

Ortegal, 

or-ti-gil'. 

pal'-mas. 

Prince of Wales, 

prins of wilz. 

Palos, 

pi'-los. 

St. Mary, 

sint ma'-rc. 

Race, 

ris. 

Passaro, 

pis-sa'-ro. 

Suez, 

soo'-iz. 

Ray, 

Roman, 

r4. 

ro'-nian. 

San Martin, 
Spartivento, 

sin mir'-tin. 
spar-te-ven'-to. 

Verde, 

vird. 

Romanzoff, 

Roxo, 

ro-man-zof'. 

roks'-o. 

St. Vincent, 
SVIATOI, 

sint vin'-sent. 
sve'i-toi. 

Oceanica. 

Sable, 

sa'-bl. 

Teulada, 

ti-oo-li'-di. 

Bougaintili.e, 

boo-gan-vil'. 

San Antonio, 

sin an-to'-ne-o. 

Trafalgar, 

traf-al-gir'. 

ClIATHA.M, 

chat'-am. 

San Blas, 

San Lazaro, 

Siln blis'. 
sill liz'-a-ro. 

Wrath, 

rath. 

Engano, 

Flattery, 

fen-gi'-no. 

flat'-ter-re. 

St. Lucas, 

St. Mary, 

sint loo'-kas. 
sint ma'-re. 


Asia. 

Howe, 

Hana, 

how. 

hi'-ni. 

St. Lewis, 

sint lu'-is. 

Cambodia, 

kam-bo'-de-a. 

Kahaka, 

ki-hi'-ki. 

Walsingham, 

wal'-sing-hain. 

Chelagskoi, 

che-lig-skoi'. 

Kooi.au, 

koo'-lau. 

Whittle, 

whit'-tle. 

Corea, 

ko-re'-a. 

Leeuwin 

le'-win, or li'win 

Y UCATAN, 

1 

o 

o 

CORMORIN, 

East, 

kom'o-rin. 

ist. 

Leyeque, li-vik'. 

Maria Van DiEMAN,de'-nian. 

South America. 

Isolette, 

Kamtchatka, 

e-so-let'. 

kim-chit'-ka. 

Northwest, 

Rodney, 

north-west'. 

rod'-ne. 

Blanco, 

blin'-ko. 

Kraw, 

kraw. 

Sandy, 

san'-de. 

CORRIENTES, 

kor-re-en'-tes. 

1 Lopatka, 

lo-pat'-ka. 

Townsend, 

town'-send. 

Darien, 

di-re-en'. 

1 Negrais, 

ne-grise'. 

Upola, 

00 pa'-li. 

Frio, 

fre'-o. 

Northeast, 

north-ist'. 

York, 

york. 


VTT. MOUNTAINS. 


North America. 


ALLEOnANT, 

Arctic Highlands, 
Black Hills, 

Blue Ridge, 
Cascade, 

Mt. Hood, 

Mt. St. Helens, 
Mt. Ranier, 
Catskill, 

Coast, 

CosioriNA, 

Cumberland, 

Mt. Fairwkatiier, 


al-le-ga'-ne, 

ark'-tik high'-lands. 

bhik hilz. 

blu'-rij, 

kas'-kid. 

hood, 

siVnt hel'-enz. 
ra' neer. 
kata'-kil, 
kiW. 

ko-sp-ghc'ni. 
kiini'-her land. 
(Ar'-wcth-cr, 


HEIGHT 
W FEET 

4,200 


6,470 

14,000 

3,800 

14,000 


Grf,en, 

green, 

ka-ti'-din, 

4,360 

Katahdin, 

5,380 

Ozark, 

o'-zark. 


POPOCATAPETL, 

po-po-kit-a-pet'-I, 

17,720 

Rocky, 

rok'-e. 


Mt. Brown, 

brown, 

16,000 

Fremont’s Peak, 

fre-montz'. 

13,500 

Mt. Hooker, 

hook'-er. 

15,700 

Long’s Peak, 

longz. 

12,000 

Pike’s Peak, 

pikz. 

11,500 

Spanish Peak, 

span'-ish. 


Sierra Madre, 

se-er'-ri mi'-dra. 


Sierra Nevada, 

sc-er' ri ni-vi' di 


Mt St. Elias, 

sint e li-'as. 

17,900 

White, 

while. 

6,230 




















192 PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY.' 


South America. 


Acarat, 

ak-a-ri'. 


Andes, 

an'-dez. 


Aconcagua, 

a-koii-ki'-gwi, 

chiin-bo-ra'-zo. 

23,900 

Chimborazo, 

21,425 

Chuquibamba, 

clioo-ke-bam'-ba, 

21,000 

Cotopaxi, 

ko-to-pax'-c. 

18,870 

Gualateiri, 

gwi'-la-ti-e-re'. 


Illimani, 

ecl'-ya-mi'-ne. 

21,150 

SoRATA, 

so-ri'-ti. 

21,280 

Brazilian, 

bra-zecl'-yan. 


Geral, 

zlia'-ril. 


Pacaraimal, 

pi-ki-ii'-nii. 

Europe. 


Alps, 

Mount Blanc, 

blank. 

16,800 

Apennines, 

ap'-en-ninz. 


Mt. Vesuvius, 

ve-soo'-ve-us. 

3,950 

Auvergne, 

o-virn'. 

6,221 

Balkan, 

bil'-kin. 

10,000 

Cantabrian, 

kaii-ti'-bre-in. 

11,000 

Carpathian, 

kir-pi'-the-an, 

kaw'-ka-su.s. 

8,675 

Caucasus, 

18,000 

6,820 

Cevennes, 

si-venu'. 

Mr. Etna, 

ct'-na. 

10,885 

Grampian, 

gram'-pe-an. 

4,370 

Mr. IIecla, 

hek'-la. 

5,210 

.Montserrat. 

niont-ser-rat'. 

3,300 

Pyrenees, 

pir'-cn-eez. 

11,425 

Scandinavian, 

Sierra Morena, 

skan-de-na'-vo-an, 

8,720 

se ir'-ra nio-ra'-ni. 

4,000 

Sierra Nevada, 

se-cr'-ra na-va'-di. 

11,667 

Ural, 

yoo'-ral, 

Asia. 

5,300 

Aldan, 

il-din'. 

4,260 

Altai, 

il-ti'. 

12,210 

Ararat, 

a'-ra-rat, 

be-loor'. 

17,000 

Beloor, 

20,000 


Caucasus, 

kaw'-ka-sus, 

dein-a-vend'. 

18,493 

De.mavend, 

14,700 

Elbrooz, 

Konjakoeski, 

el'-brooz. 

kon-ja-kof'-skl. 


Ghauts, 

gawts. 

8,000 

Himalaya, 

liim-a-ll'-a. i. 

Everett, 

ev'-er-et. 


Kunchinginga, 

koon-chin-jing'-gi, 

28,177 

Hindoo Koosh, 

hin'-do koosh. 

Khingan, 

king-gan'. 


Kuenlun, 

kwen-loon', 

14,700 

Meling, 

ina-ling'. 

Peling, 

Ramleah, 

pa-ling'. 


rain'-lc-a. 


Sinai, 

Stanovoi, 

sT'-ni, or si'-na-T, 

7,500 

sta'-no-voi'. 

Taurus, 

ti'-nis, 

13,100 

ThIAN SHAN, 

te'-an .shin. 


Africa. 


Abba Yaret, 

ib'-bi ya'-ret, 

15,000 

Atlas, 

at'-las. 

Mt. Miltseen, 

milt-seen'. 

11,400 

Cameroon’s, 

kain-er-oons', 

13,000 

Crystal, 

krist'-al. 


Kong, 

kong. 

4,000 

Lupata, 

loo-pa'-ti. 

Moon, 

moon. 


Kenia, 

ke'-ne-a. 

20,000 

Kilimandjaro, 

kil'-e-min'-ji-ro', 

20,000 

Radama, 

ri'-da-mi'. 

Red, 

Snow, 

rid. 


sno. 

Oceanica. 


Australian Alps, 

. os-tri'-le-an. 

12,000 

Blue, 

bill, 

ke-lau'-e-a. 

3,380 

Kilauea, 

Mauna Kea, 

mau'-na ke'-a. 


Mauna Loa, 

mau'-na lo'-a. 


Opiur, 

o'-fur. 



South America. 

Atacama, iVta-kiV-niil. 

Asia. 

Akuaf, &k'-liaf. 

Gobi, ko'-be. 


VIII. DESERTS AND OASES. 


Great Salt, grit salt. 

Sandy, saii'-de. 

Africa. 

Agadez, iV-ga-dez. 

Bilmah, bil -mi. 


Challehenga, 

Libyan, 

Nubian, 

Sahara, 

Seevtau, 

Tibesti, 

Tuat, 


chiT-le-hen-gi. 

lib'-e-an. 

iiu'-be-an. 

si-hi'-ri. 

sc'-wi. 

te'-bo.s-to'. 

too-at'. 


IX. LAKES. 


North America. 


Abbitibbee, 

Athabasca, 

Caniapcscaw, 


ab-be-tib'-e. 

ath-a-bas'-ka. 

kan'-e-ap'-us- 

kaw. 


Champlain, 

Chapala, 

Chesuncook, 

Deer, 

Erie, 

Georgian, 


sbam-plin'. 

clii-pi'-la. 

che-sun'-kook. 

deer. 

c'-re. 

jor'-je-an. 


Grand, grind. 

Great Bear, bir. 

Great Salt, silt. 

Great Slave, sliv. 

Green, grin. 

Huron, lui'-ruR. 















PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY. 


193 


Klamath, 

kl^in'-i\t, or kli- 
math'. 

Little Slave, 

sliv. 

Manitoba, 

man'-e-to'-ba. 

Michigan, 

iiiish'-e-gi\n. 

Mistissinny, 

mis'-tis-sin'-uy. 

Moosehead, 

nioose'-head. 

Nicaragua, 

nik-ar-i'-gw3,. 

Nicollet, 

nik-o-la'. 

N I PISSING, 

uip'-is-sing. 

N ITCHEGUON, 

nitch'-e-gwon'. 

Okechobee, 

o'-ke-cho'-bc. 

Ontario, 

on-ta'-re-o. 

PONTCHARTRAIN, 

pon-char-trin'. 

Pyramid, 

pir'-a-mid. 

Rainy, 

ra'*ue. 

Red, 

Saginaw, 

red. 

sag'-e-nS. 

SlMCOE, 

sim'-ko. 

St. Clair, 

sant klAr'. 

St. John, 

sant jon'. 

Superior, 

su-pe'-re-ur. 

Terminos, 

ter'-me-u6s. 

Tule, 

too'-le, or tooML 

Utah, 

yoo'-t4. 

Winnipeg, 

win'-e-peg. 

Winnipegoos, 

wiu'-e-pe-goos. 

W OODS, 

woodz. 


South America. 


Bevedero, 

bi-vi-da'-ro. 

CoLUGUAPE, 

ko-loo-gwil'-pi. 

Ibeua, 

e-biV-ril. 

Maracaybo, 

niiir4-kl'-bo. 

Mirim, 

me-reeug'. 

Patos, 

pil'-tos. 

PORONGOS, 

po-r6n'-g6s. 

ra'-yiis. 

Reyes, 

Titicaca, 

te-te-ka'-kA. 

Europe. 

Constance, 

kon'-stauz. 

Geneva, 

jcu-e'-va. 

Ilmen, 

il-ineu', or il'-men 

Ladoga, 

la-do'-g4. 

Maelar, 

ina'-lar. 

Onega, 

o-ne'-ga. 

Peipus, 

pi'-e-poos. 

Platten See 

, pl^t'-ten sL 

Purus, 

poo'-roos. 

Sego, 

siV-go. 

Vigo, 

ve'-go. 

Wener, 

wi'-ner. 

Wetter, 

wet'-ter. 


Baikal, 

Asia. 

bl'-kal. 

Balkasii, 

bM-kash'. 

Koko Nor, 

ko-ko nor'. 

Lop Nor, 
OoROOMEEYAH, 

lop n6r'. 

oo-roo-nie'-yil 

POYANG, 

po-yilng'. 

Tchany, 

cha'-ne. 

Tontingiioo, 

tou'-ting-hoo. 

Zaizan, 

zl-ziu'. 

ZCKHAH, 

zur'-ra. 

Africa. 

Debo, 

dV-bo. 

Dembea, 

dem'-bc-a. 

PiTTRE, 

• fit'-tri. 

Maravi, 

ina-ra'-vc. 

Melgig, 

m6l-ghig'. 

Ngami, 

u'ga'-nie. 

Nyassi, 

ue-as'se. 

SiBKAII, 

sib'-ka. 

Tchad, 

chad. 

Ukekewe, 

u-ka-ra'-we. 

Oceanica. 

Torrens, 

tor'-renz. 


X. RIVERS. 



North America. 

LENGTH 

IN Mass. 

Abbitibbee, 

ab-be-tib'-e. 

250 

Alabama, 

al-a-bam'-a. 

880 

Albany, 

ai'-ba-ne. 

840 

Alleghany, 

al-le-ga'-ne. 

400 

Altamahaw, 

al'-ta-nia-haw'. 

140 

Androscoggin, 

an-dros-kog'-in. 

140 

Appalachicola, 

ap'-pa-lah-che-ko'-la. 

100 

Arkansas, 

ar-kan'-sas. 

2,000 

500 

Athabasca, 

ath-a-bas'-ka, 

Balsas, 

bal'-sas- 


Bear, 

bare, 

400 

Big Horn, 

big horn. 

400 

Big Sandy, 

big san'-dy. 

80 

Brazos, 

bri'-zos, 

ka-na'-de-an. 

900 

Canadian, 

900 

Cape Fear, 

kap far. 

800 

Chatteiiooche, 

chat-ta-hoo'-che, 

650 

Chowan, 

cho-wan'. 

60 

Churchill, 

church'-il. 

700 

Cr.i^RKE’s, 

klarkz. 

650 

Colorado, Texas, 

kol-o-ra'-do. 

900 

Colorado, Cal., 

kol-o-ra'-do. 

*1,200 

Columbia, 

ko-lum'-be-a, 

1,000 

Connecticut, 

kon-net'-i-kut, 

kum'-ber-land. 

400 

Cumberland, 

600 

Delaware, 

Des Moines, 

del'-a-ware, 

800 

de moin'. 

400 

Detroit, 

de-troit', 

26 

East Main 

ast mane'. 

400 


* Including the Green. 

11 


Feather, 

Flint, 

feth'-er. 

flint. 

800 

Gallatin, 

gal'-la-tin. 

160 

Gatineau, 

ga-te-no'. 

400 

Gila, 

heel'-a. 

460 

Grand, Mich., 

grand. 

270 

Grande, Mex., 
Great Fish, 

Great Whale, 
Great Pedee, 

grand. 

800 

grat fish. 

grat whai. 

grat pa'-da. 

800 

Green, Ky., 

green. 

800 

Harricanaw, 

har-re-ka'-na. 

270 

Hudson, 

hud'-sun. 

800 

Humboldt, 

hum'-bolt. 

850 

Illinois, 

il'-lin-oi'. 

400 

Iowa, 

T'-o-wa, 

800 

James, 

jamz, 

jef'-fer-sun. 

ka-naw'-wa. 

600 

Jefferson, 

Kanawha, 

400 

Kansas, 

kan'-sas, 

kas-kas'-ke-a. 

1,000 

Kaskaskia, 

800 

Kennebec, 

ken-ne-bek'. 

200 

Kentucky, 

ken-tuk'-e. 

260 

Klamath, 

kia'-math. 

250 

Koksak, 

Lewis, 

kok'-sak. 

lii'-is, 

mak-kan'-ze. 

900 

Mackenzie, 

900 

Madawaska, 

mad-a-was'-ka. 

210 

Madison, 

Maumee, 

road'-i-sun. 

ma-ma'. 

100 

Merrimac, 

mer'-ri-mak. 

110 

Miami, 

mi-a'-me. 

150 

Minnesota, 

miu-ne-so'-la. 

450 

















194 

PRONOUNCING 

VOCABULARY. 



MiRAMJCni, 

rair'-a-nie'-she'. 

75 

Trinity, 


trin'-e-tc. 

650 

Mississippi, 

mis-sis-sip'-pe, 

3,160 

Tula, 


too'-la. 

200 

Missouri, 

mis-soo'-re, 

8,100 

Usumasinta, 


oo-soo-inS-sin'-t&, 

400 

Mobile, 

nio-beel', 

60 

Wabash, 


Wil'-bash, 

650 

Mohawk, 

mo'-h3k. 

160 

Wasiiitaw, 


wdsh'-e-taw, 

600 

Monongaiiela, 

nio-non-ga-hi'-la, 

250 

Wateree, 


wR-ter-e', 

200 

Moose, 

moos, 

250 

White, Ind., 


whit. 

50 

Muskingum, 

mus-king'-gum, 

110 

White, Ark., 


whit. 

800 

N EURASKA, 

nc-bras'-ka, 

400 

Willamette, 


wil-lA-met', 

150 

Neciies, 

nctch'-ez. 

150 

WISCONSIN, 


wis-kon'-sin, 

600 

Nelson, 

nel'-sun. 

800 

Yaqui, 


yi\-ke'. 

400 

Neuse, 

nusc. 

300 

Y AZOO, 


vd-zoo'. 

290 

Niagara, 

nl-Jg'-a-ra, 

34 

Yellow Stone, 


yel'-low stin. 

1,000 

Nicollet, 

nik'-o-lii'. 






North Fork, 

nortli fork. 

800 


South 

America. 


Nueces, 

nwa'-scs. 

350 





OCMULGEE, 

ok'-nnil-go, 

300 

Amazon, 


am'-a-zon, 

4,000 

Oconee, 

o-ko'-H^;, 

280 

Am BA, 


&-ne-l)3,'. 


Ohio, 

o-hl'-o. 

950 

Apure, 


a-poo'-ra. 


Osage, 

o'-sij. 

2o0 

Araguay, 


iir-A-gul', 

1,000 

Ottawa, 

ot'-ta-wi, 

800 

Arinos, 


a-re'-nbs. 

700 

Pascagoula, 

pas'-ka-goo'-la, 

100 

Beni, 


bi-ne'. 

1,000 

Peace, 

p6s. 

800 

Bionio, 


be'-o-be'-O, 

200 

Pearl, 

perl. 

260 

Berbice, 


ber-bees', 

200 

Pecos, 

pa'-kos. 

700 

Branco, 


brdu'-ko. 

120 

Penobscot, 

p6-nob'-skot, 

300 

Camarones, 


kam-a-ro'-nez. 


Potomac, 

po-to'-iTiak, 

400 

Caqueta, or Japura, 

kil-ki'-td. 

1,200 

Rappahannock, 

rap-pa-han'-nok. 

126 

Caroni, 


ka-ro-ne', 

400 

Red, 

red. 

1,200 

Cauca, 


kow'-ka. 

600 

Republican Fork, 

re-pub'-lc-kan fork, 

400 

Chico, 


che'-ko. 


Rio Grande, Mex., 

ri'-o grand'. 

1,800 

Colorado, 


kol'-o-rd'-do. 

800 

Rio Virgen, 

re'-o ver'-hen. 


CosiQUARE, or 


ko-sc-ka'-re. 

130 

Roanoke, 

ro-an-6k'. 

450 

Cassiquia 


ktls-se-ke-d'-ra. 


Rock, 

rok. 

330 

Cuyaba, 


koo-viV-bd. 


Rupert, 

roo'-pert, 

300 

Demerara, 


d&ni'-er-d'-ra. 

180 

Sabine, 

sa-bcen', . 

600 

Dksaguadero, 


dds'-a-gwa-da'-ro, 

180 

Saco, 

saw'-ko. 

150 

Dclce. 


dool'-sa. 


Sacramento, 

sak-ra-men'-to. 

370 

Essequibo, 


&s-se-ke'-bo, 

460 

Saguenay, 

si\g-a-na'. 

100 

Guapai, 


gwd-pT', 

650 

Salmon, 

.sal'-mun. 


Guapore, 


gWi\-])o'-riV, 

400 

San Joaquin, 

Scln-lio'-S-keen', 

350 

G CAVIARE, 


gwd-ve-a'-rd. 

450 

Santander, 

sin-tan'-der. 

110 

Gcrapy, or Gurupi, 

goo-roo-pc'. 

250 

Santee, 

san-t6'. 

150 

IIUALLAGA, 


hwdl-ya'-gd. 

600 

Saskatchewan, 

sis-k3,tch'-e-won, 

1,300 

Javary, 


ha-vd-re'. 

450 

Savannah, 

sa-van'*na. 

450 

Jcrua, 


hoo-roo'-d. 


Scioto, 

si-o'-to. 

200 

JUTAY, 


hoo-tl'. 

700 

Severn, 

sev'-urn, 

350 

Madeira, 


md-dd'-rd. 

*1,800 

Slave, 

slAv, 

300 

Magdalena, 


niag-da-le'-na, 

900 

Smoky Hill, 

smo'-ke hill'. 

800 

Mamore, 


md-mo-rd'. 

500 

SoREL, OR RiCHLIEU, 

so'-reP, 

80 

Maraniiam, or 

Miarim, 

mar'-an-hiim'. 


South Fork, 

south fork'. 


Marowyne, 


md'-ro-wlu'. 

400 

St. Clair, 

sint klilr'. 

40 

Meta, 


md'-td. 

500 

St. Croix, 

kroi. 

75 

Napo, 


nd'-po. 

500 

St. Francis, 

fran'-sis. 


Negro, 


nd'-gro. 

1,000 

St. Francis, Miss., 

fran'-sis. 

450 

Orinoco, 


o-re-no'-ko, 

1,300 

St. JoHN’fi, Flor., 

jonz. 

250 

Oyapok, 


o'-vd-pok', 

'l80 

St. John, 

jon. 

4.50 

Para, 


pd-rd'. 

200 

St. Joseph’s, 

jo'-zefs, 

250 

Paraguay, 


pd-rd-gwd', or pd-rd-gwi'. 1,600 

St. Lawrence, 

liV-rens, 

7.50 

Parahiba, 


pd-rd-e'-bd. 

300 

St. Mary’s, 

ma'-riz. 

1 (lO 

Parana, 


„ a # 9 t 

2,000 

St. Maurice, 

saiit ma'-ris. 

4()0 

Paranaiba, 


pd-rd-nd-e'-bd. 

500 

Susquehanna, 

8u.s-kwe-han'-na, 

400 

pARIMA, 


pd-re'-ind. 


Suwanee, 

su-wa'-ne. 


Parnahiba, 


par-nd-c'-bd. 

760 

Tar, 

tar. 


PiLCOMAYO, 


pil-l o-nil'-o, 

1,000 

Tennessee, 

teii-iies-se'. 

800 





Tombigbee, 

tom-big'-be, 

450 


* Including the Maiuore. 




















PRONOUNCING 

VOCABULARY. 

195 

Port Desirr, 

port de-sIr', 
poo'-roos. 

200 

Neva, 

ni'-vA, 

40 

Purus, 

500 

Niehen, 

ne'-men, 

400 

Putumayo, 

poo-too-nil'-o. 

VOO 

Oder, 

o'-der, 

o'-k4. 

650 

Rio de i,a Plata, 

re'-o di) li\ pla'-tJ, 

•2,500 

Oka, 

650 

Rio das Mortes, 

re'-o dils nior'-tes. 

Onega, 

o-ni'-gA, 

250 

Rio Negro, Pat., 
Salado, (148,) 

re'-o na'-gro. 

600 

OOSA, 

00 '-si. 

200 

si-li'-do. 

1,000 

Petchora, 

petch'-o-ra. 

900 

Salado, (150,) 

Santa Cruz, 

si-hl'-do. 

400 

Po, 

po. 

340 

san'-tA kroos. 

200 

Pripets, 

prip'-6ts. 

850 

St. Francisco, 

fran-sis'-ko. 

1,250 

PRUTH, 

pruth. 

360 

Surinam, 

soo-riu-am'. 

300 

Rhine, 

rlu, 

rin, 

950 

Tacuari, 

tA-ku'-A-re. 


Rhone. 

640 

Tapajos, 

tA-pA'-zhos, 

500 

Samara, 

si-ma-ra.'. 

280 

Tercero, 

ter-su'-ro. 


Saone, 

Son, 

320 

Tiete, 

te-A'-tA, 

500 

Sate, 

siv, or siv. 

650 

Tocantins, 

to-kAn-t4ns', 

1,000 

Seine, 

sin, or sen. 

600 

Trks Barras, 

tres bAr'-ras. 

Severn, 

sev'-ern. 

210 

Trombetas, 

trom-ba'-tAs. 


Shanno.n, 

shan'-nun, . 

220 

Uaupes, 

wow'-pes. 


Skelleftea, 

sk61-lef'-te-a. 

120 

UCAYALE, 

o-kT-A'-la, 

500 

SOOKHONA, 

soo-ko'-ni. 

250 

Uruguay, 

oo'-roo-gwA, 

800 

Sura, 

soo'-ri. 

400 

Vermejo, 

Y^r-niA'-ho, 

'780 

Steer, 

Tagus, 

svtr. 

130 

XiNGU, 

shin-goo'. 

1,300 

ta'-gus. 

640 



Terek, 

ti\-r6k'. 

350 


Europe. 


Thames, 

Tiieiss, 

timz, 

tis, 

220 

500 

Bielaia, 

bc-A'-li'-A, 

500 

Tiber, 

Tornea, 

ti'-bcr. 

186 

Bog, 

l>og. 

340 

tor'-ne-a. 

230 

Bug, 


300 

Umea, 

oo'-me-a. 

250 

Danube, 

dau'-ubc. 

1,800 

Ural, 

Yoo'-ral, 

1,800 

Dahl, 

dAl. 

V iatka. 

vc-at'-kii. 

600 

Desna, 

dAs'-iiA, 

500 

T ISTULA, 

vis'-tu-la. 

630 

Dnieper, 

ne'-per. 

1,230 

Vitchegda, 

vo-chZ-g'-di, 

380 

Dniester, 

nees'-ter. 

500 

Volga, 

vol'-gi. 

2,500 

Don, 

don. 

1,000 

Volkhov, 

vol-kov'. 

130 

Donets, 

do-njts'. 

400 

Wartha, 

war'-ti. 

450 

Dordogne, 

dor-din'. 

220 

Weser, 

we'-ser. 

250 

Douro, 

doo'-ro. 

400 




Drammen, 

drAm'-meiu 



Asia. 


Drate, 

drAv, 

360 



Duna, 

du'-nA, 

400 

Aldan, 

il-din'. 

300 

Dwina, 

dwi'-na. 

330 

Amga, 

am'-ga. 

460 

Ebro, 

e'-bro. 

340 

Amoo, 

i-nioo'. 

1,300 

Elbe, 

elb. 

550 

Amoor, 

i-inoor'. 

2,200 

Garonne, 

ga-ron'. 

380 

Anahara, 

i-ni'-ba-ra', 

400 

Glommen, . 

gloin'-mcn. 

280 

Anadir, 

i-ni-deer'. 

450 

Guadalquiver, 

gaw-dal-kwiv'-er, 

280 

Angara, 

Sng-ga-nV, 

1,000 

GbADIANA, 

gwA-de-A'-nA, 

380 

Argoon, 

ar'-goou'. 


Humber, 

huin'-ber, 

40 

Attruck, 

at'-truk. 


Indal, 

in'-dal. 

60 

Brahmapootra, 

brah'-ma-poo'-tra. 

1,500 

Kama, 

kA'-iuA, 

1,400 

Cambodia, 

kam-bo'-cle-a. 

1,800 

700 

Kem, 

kein. 

100 

ClIENAUB, 

che-naub'. 

Keni, 

ke'-ni. 


Euphrates, 

u-fri'-tez. 

1,800 

Khoper, 

ko'-per. 

250 

Ganges, 

gan'-jiz. 

1,960 

Klar, 

klAr, 

200 

Godavf.rt, 

go-da'-ver-e. 

700 

Kooban, 

koo'-bAn, 

380 

IIelmund, 

hfil-mund', 
ho-ang' ho, 

650 

Kooma, 

koo'-mA, 

300 

Hoang Ho, 

2,000 

Loire, 

1 9 

Iwiir, 

640 

Hoang Kiang, 

ho-ang' kc-ing. 

800 

Lulea, 

loo'-le-a. 

200 

Indighirka, 

in'-de-ghir'-ka. 

750 

Man itch. 

mA-neetch', 

300 

Indus, 

in'-dus. 

1,660 

Maritza, 

mA-rit'-zA, 

260 

Irrawaddy, 

ir'-ra-\va'-dc. 

* 1,200 

M EUSE, 

muz. 

430 

Irtish, 

* ir'-tish. 

1,700 

Mezen E, 

ni6z-An', 

450 

ISHI^I, 

ish'-im. 

700 

Min ho. 

meen'-yo. 

130 

Khatanga, 


650 



Kolyma, 

ko-le-ina'. 

700 

* Including the Paraguay. 


Koor, 

koor. 

620 












196 



STATISTICAL TABLES. 





Kistnah, 


kist'-na. 


600 

CnADDA, 

chad'-da. 



Lena, 

le'-na. 


2,400 

COANZA, 

ko4n'-za, 


500 

Mahanuddt, 

m^-ha-nud 

'-de. 

250 

Congo, 


kong'-go. 


240 

Wenam, 


mA-uam', 


800 

Gambia, 

gllm'-be-a. 


1,000 

Nerbudda, 


ner-bfid'-dA 

620 

Gojeb, 

go'-jeb'. 



Obi, 


o'-bo, 


2,000 

Haines, 

h4nz. 



Olenek, 

0-li-ii6k', 


800 

Juba, 

zhoo'-bS. 



1 OosooRi, 

oo'-soo-re' 


840 

Matoni, 

mA-to'-ni. 



Pei Ho, 

pa h6, 


170 

Misselad, 

mis-se-lid' 

• 


Piasina, 

pe-a-se'-n& 


260 

Niger, 

nl'-jer. 


2,500 

Salwin, 

sil'-win. 



Nile, 

nil. 


1,800 

Selenga, 

si-lSng'-ea, 

600 

Orange, 

or'-inj. 


1,0UU 

Shilka, 

sbil'-kl 



Ozi, 

o'-ze. 



SiHON, 

sl-hoa'. 


900 

Rio Grande, 

re'-o grind'. 


SOONGARI, 

soon-gj'-re, or sooq- 


Sabaki, 

sJ-bi'-ke. 






-re'. 

800 

Senegal, 

sen'-e-gil. 


1,000 

Sutlej, 

sut'-lej. 


960 

Shaky, 

sbi'-re. 



Chikiri, 

che-ke'-re' 


450 

St. Paul, 

sAnt pil. 


300 

Tigris, 

ti -gris. 


1,150 

Tacazze, 

ti-kit'-si. 



Tobol, 

to-boP, 


600 

Umbre, 

oom'-bri. 



Toongooska, 

toong-goos'-ki. 


Vaal, 

vil. 



Ural, 

yoo'-ral. 


1,800 

V olta. 

vol'-ti. 


860 

Vitim, 

vit'-im. 


900 

White, 

tvblt, 


1,200 

^ Yana, 

yi'-nA 


600 

Y eoo. 

yi-oo', 


300 

1 Yangtse Kiang, 

jAiig'-tse ke-ang'. 

2,600 

Zambeze, 

zam-ba'-ze. 



Yarkanu, 

yar'-kand'. 

600 






Yenisei, 

1 

yen'-e-sa'-e, 

2,600 

Australia. 



1 

1 

Africa. 

• 


Darling, 

dar'-ling, 


1,000 






Lachlan, 

lak'-lin. 


400 . 

Ambriz, 

am'-briz. 



Lvnd, 

lind. 



Bembaroughe, 

bem-ba-rooj'. 


Murray, 

mur'-ra, 


1.400 

Blue, 

blu, 


0 1 

0 

GO 

Swan, 

swan, 





STATISTICAL TABLES. 





RAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES. 







Total 

Miles 

Actual 



Total 

, Miles ' 

Actual 

STATES 


length of 

in 

length in 

STATES 


length of 

in 

length in 

I 


lines. 

operation 

state 



lined 

operation 

state * 

Alabama, . 

• 

1,822.4 

798.6 

628.9 

Mississippi, . 


445.1 

365.4 

691.1 

Arkansas, 

• 

101.3 

38.5 

38.5 

Missouri, . 


1,337.3 

723.2 

72,3.2 

California, 

• 

308.8 

22.5 

22.5 

New Hampshire, . 


699.9 

665.2 

661.7 

Connecticut, . 


820.7 

665.6 

699.3 

New Jersey, 


668.9 

666.4 

566.4 

Delaware, 

« 

117.9 

117.9 

127.1 

New York, . 


3,610.6 

2,756.4 

2,779.8 

Florida, 

• 

730.5 

289.8 

289.8 

North Carolina, 


1,020.2 

770.2 

703.2 

Georgia, . 

• 

1,617.2 

1,241.7 

1,234.5 

Ohio, .... 


4,084.7 

8,008.2 

3,016.7 

Illinois, 

• 

3,5.00.7 

2,752.7 

2.727.7 

Oregon, 


300.0 



Indiana, . 

. 

1,839.0 

1,327.9 

2,005.4 

Pennsylvania, 


3,995.1 

3,081.1 

2,787.1 

Iowa, . 

« 

1,806.8 

395.3 

395.3 

Rhode Island, . 


86.9 

63.6 

100.9 

Kentucky, 

• 

698.4 

458.5 

610.5 

South Carolina. . 


1,136.0 

807.3 

900.3 

Louisiana, 

• 

1,160.0 

419.0 

294.0 

Tennessee, 


1,434.4 

1,062.3 

977.5 

Maine, 

. 

618.1 

544.6 

476.4 

Texas, .... 


2,667.0 

2S4.6 

284.5 

Maryland & Dist. 

Col., 

889.3 

833.3 

478.1 

Vermont, . 


588.5 

637.9 

561.1 

Massachusetts, 

. 

1,507.3 

1,428.3 

1,391.1 

Virginia, 


2,058.5 

1,525.7 

1,756.7 

Michigan, 


1,747.8 

1.132.8 

796.9 

Wisconsin, 


2,224.3 

826.0 

'876.0 

3I1NNESOTA, 


1,167.5 







1 











































STATISTICAL TABLES. 197 


POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES, FOR EVERY TWENTY YEARS, FROM 1800 TO 1860. 


STATES. 

1800. 

1820. 

1840. 

1860. 

STATES. 

1800 

1820. 

1840. 

1860. 

Alabama, 


127,9(11 

690,766 

964,296 

Minnesota, 




162,022 

Arkansas, 


14,273 

97,574 

435,427 

Mississippi, 

8,850 

75,448 

375,651 

791,395 

California, 




380,015 

Missouri, 


66,586 

383,702 

1,173,317 

Connecticut, 

251,002 

275,202 

309,978 

460,151 

New Hampshire, 

183,762 

244,161 

284,574 

326,072 

Delaware, 

64,273 

72,749 

78,085 

112,218 

New Jersey, 

211,949 

277,676 

373,306 

672,031 

Florida, 



54,477 

140,439 

New York, 

686,756 

1,372,812 

2,428,921 

3,887,542 

Georgia, 

162,101 

340,987 

691,392 

1,057,327 

North Carolina, 

478,103 

638,829 

753,419 

992,667 

Illinois, 


65,211 

476,183 

1,711,753 

Ohio, 

45,365 

681,434 

1,519,467 

2,339,699 

Indiana, 

4,875 

147,178 

685,866 

1,350,479 

Oregon, 




52,464 

Iowa, 



43,112 

674,948 

Pennsyltania, 

602,365 

1,049,468 

1,724,033 

2,906,370 

Kansas, 




107,110 

Rhode Island, 

69,122 

83,059 

108,830 

174,621 

Kentucky, 

220,955 

564,317 

779,828 

1,155,713 

South Carolina, 

345,591 

502,741 

694,398 

703,312 

Louisiana, 


153,407 

352,411 

709,433 

Tennessee, 

106,602 

422,813 

829,210 

1,109,847 

Maine, 

151,719 

298,335 

501,793 

628,276 

Texas, 




601,039 

Maryland, 

341,548 

407,350 

470,019 

687,034 

Vermont, 

154,466 

235,764 

291,948 

315,116 

Massachusetts, 

423,246 

623,287 

737,699 

1,231,065 

Virginia, 

880,200 

1,065,379 

1,239,797 

1,696,083 

Michigan, 


8,896 

212,267 

749,112 

Wisconsin, 



30,945 

775,873 


HISTORICAL TABLE OF THE UNITED STATES. 


STATES AND TEREIT0RIE3. 

When 

settled. 

Where 

settled 

By -whom 
settled. 

When admitted 
into the Union. 

Virginia, 


1607 

Jamestown, . 

English, .... 

June 26th, 

1778 

New York, 


1614 

Albany, . 

Dutch, ..... 

July 26th, 

1788 

Massachusetts, . 


1620 

Plymouth, 

English, .... 

February 6th, 

1788 

New Hampshire, 


1624 

Dover, 

English, ..... 

June 21st, 

1788 

New Jersey, 


1624 

Bergen, 

Dutch and Danes, 

December 18th, 

1787 

Delaware, 


1627 

Cape Henlopen, 

Swedes and Finns, 

December 7th, 

1787 

Connecticut, 


1633 

Windsor, 

Emigrants from Massachusetts, 

January 9th, 

1788 

Maryland, 


1624 

St. Mary’s, 

Englisii, ..... 

April 28th, 

1788 

Rhode Island, 


1636 

Providence, . 

Roger Williams, . 

May 29th, 

1790 

North Carolina, 


1663 

Albemarle, 

English,. 

November 21st, 

1789 

South Carolina, 


1670 

Port Royal, . 

English, .... 

May 23d, 

1788 

Pennsylvania, 


1682 

Philadelphia, 

English, ..... 

December 12th, 

1787 

Georgia, 


1733 

Savannah, 

English, .... 

January 2d, 

1788 

Florida, . 


1565 

St. Augustine, . 

Spanish,. 

March 3d, 

1845 

Maine, 


1625 

Bristol, 

English, .... 

March 5th, 

1820 

WISCONSIN, 


1669 

Green Bay, 

French, ..... 

May 29th, 

1848 

Michigan, . 


1670 

Detroit, 

French, .... 

January 26th, 

1837 

Arkansas, 


1685 

Arkansas Post,. 

French,. 

June 15th, 

1836 

Texas, 


1690 

San Antonio, 

Spanish, .... 

December 29th, 

1845 

Indiana, . 


1690 

Vincennes, 

French,. 

December 11th, 

1816 

Louisiana, . 


1699 

Abbeville, 

French, .... 

April 8th, 

1812 

Alabama, 


1711 

Mobile, 

French,. 

December 14th, 

1819 

Mississippi, . 


1716 

Natchez, 

French, 

December 10th, 

1817 

Illinois, . 


1720 

Kaskaskia, 

French, . 

December 3d, 

1818 

Vermont, 


1725 

Fort Dummer, 

Emigrants from Massachusetts, 

March 4th, 

1791 

Tennessee, 


1757 

Fort London, . 

Emigrants from North Carolina, 

June 1st, 

1796 

Missouri, 


1764 

St. Louis, 

French,. 

August 10th, 

1821 

California, . 


1769 

San Diego, 

Spanish, .... 

September 9th, 

1850 

Kentucky, . 


1775 

Boonesboro’, 

Daniel Boone, .... 

June 1st, 

1792 

Ohio, 


1788 

Marietta, . 

Emigrants from New England, 

November 29th, 

1832 

Iowa, . . . 


1833 

Burlington, , 

Emigrants from New England, , 

March 3d, 

1845 

Minnesota, . 



St. Paul, . 

Emigrants from the East, 

May 11th, 

1858 

Oregon, 



Astoria, 

Emigrants from the East, . 

February 14th, 

1859 

Kansas, . 

• 



Emigrants from the East, 


1861 

























































198 STATISTICAL TABLES. 


COLLEGES AND PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS OF THE UNITED STATES. 


Bowdoin, 

Brunswick, 

Me. 

AA'eslkyan Female, 

Macon, 

Ga. 

Watkrville, 

AA’atcrville, 

Me. 

University of Alabama, 

Tuscaloosa, 

Ala. 

Dartmouth, 

Hanover, 

Burlington, 

N. H. 

Florence AVesleyan, 

I'lorence, 

Ala. 

University of Vermont, 

Vt. 

Howard, 

Marion, 

Ala. 

Middlebury, 

Middlebury, 

Vt. 

Madison, 

Sharon, 

Miss. 

Norwich University, 

Norwich, 

Vt. 

University of Mississippi, 

Oxford, 

Miss. 

Harvard University, 

Cambridge, 

Mass. 

Mlssissippi, 

Semple Broaddus, 

Clinton, 

Miss. 

AVilliams, 

AA'illiamstown, 

Mass. 

Centre Hill, 

Miss. 

Amherst, 

Amherst, 

Mass. 

University of Louisiana, 

Kew Orleans, 

La. 

Holy Cross, 

AA^orcester, 

Mass. 

Centenary, 

Jackson, 

La. 

Tufts, 

Medford, 

Mass. 

AA'’ashington, 

Washington Co., 

La. 

Brown University, 

Providence, 

R. 1. 

Dolbear’s Co-mmercial, 

Kew Orleans, 

La. 

Yale, 

Neiv Haven, 

Conn. 

Aranama, 

Goliad, 

Texas. 

Trinity, 

Hartford, 

Conn. 

University of Nashville, 

Kashville, 

Tenn. 

AVesleyan University, 

Middletown, 

Conn. 

Franklin, 

Rear Nashville, 

Teiin. 

Columbia, 

New York, 

N. Y. 

East Tennessee, 

Cumberland University, 

Knoxville, 

Tenn. 

Union, 

Hamilton, 

Schenectady, 

N. Y. 

Lebanon, 

Tenn. 

Clinton, 

N. Y. 

Jackson, 

Columbia, 

Tenn. 

Madison University, 

Hamilton, 

N. Y. 

Union, 

Murfree.sboro’, 

Tenn. 

Hobart Free, 

Geneva, 

New York, 

N. Y. 

Greenville, 

Greenville, 

Tenn. 

University of City of N. York 

N. Y. 

Transylvania, 

Lexington, 

Ky. 

University of Rochester, 

Rochester, 

N. Y. 

St. Joseph’s, 

Bardstown, 

Kv. 

St. .John’s, 

Fordham, 

N. Y. 

Centre, 

Danville, 

Kv. 

College of NriSv Jersey, 

Princeton, 

N. J. 

Georgetow.n, 

Georgctoivn, 

kV. 

Rutgers, 

New Brunswick, 

N. J. 

Kentucky Military Institute, 

Franklin Springs, 

kV. 

University of Pennsylvania, 

Philadelphia, 

Penn. 

Kentucky, 

Harrodsburg, 

Ky. 

Dickinson, 

Carlisle, 

Penn. 

Ohio University, 

Athens, 

Ohio. 

Jefferson, 

Canonsburg, 

Penn. 

Miami University, 

Oxford, 

Ohio. 

AVashington, 

AA'ashington, 

Penn. 

Franklin, 

New Athens, 

Ohio. 

Alleghany, 

Mcadvillc, 

Penn. 

AA^estern Reserve, 

Hudson, 

Ohio. 

Pennsylvania, 

Gettysburg, 

Penn. 

Kenyon, 

Gambier, 

Ohio. 

IjAFAYETTE, 

Easton, 

Penn. 

Denison, 

Granville, 

Ohio. 

Franklin and Marshall, 

Lancaster, 

Lewisburg, 

Penn. 

Marietta, 

Marietta, 

Ohio. 

University at Lewisburg, 

Penn. 

Oberlin, 

Oberlin, 

Ohio. 

Polytechnic, 

Philadelphia, 

Penn. 

Ohio AA’^esleyan University, 

Delaware, 

Ohio. 

Delaware, 

Newark, 

Del. 

AA’'lTTENnERO, 

Springfield, 

Ohio. 

St. Mary’s, 

AA''ilmington, 

Del. 

Urbana University, 

Urbana, 

Ohio. 

St. John’s, 

St. Charles’s, 

Annapolis, 
Ellicott’s Mills, 

Md. 

Antioch, 

A'ellow Springs, 

Ohio. 

Md. 

Indiana State University, 

Bloomington, 

Ind. 

Mount St. JIary’s, 

Emmetsburg, 

Md. 

Hanover, 

South Hanover, 

Ind. 

St. Ja.mes’s, 

AA'^ashington Co., 

Md. 

AA'abash, 

Indiana Asbury University, 

Crawfordsville, 

Ind. 

AVashingto.n, 

Chestertown, 

Md. 

Greencastle, 

Ind. 

Georgetown, 

Georgetown, 

D. C. 

Illinois, 

Jacksonville, 

Ill. 

Columbian, 

AA'’ashington, 

D. C. 

Shurtleff, 

McKendree, 

Upper Alton, 

Ill. 

AVilliam and AIary, 

AA'’illiamsburg, 

Va. 

Lebanon, 

Ill. 

Hampden-Sidney, 

Prince Ed. Co., 

Va. 

Knox, 

Galesburg, 

Ill. 

AV^ashington, 

Lexington, 

Va. 

University of Chicago, 

Chicago, 

St. Louis, 

Ill. 

University op Virginia, 

Charlottesville, 

Va. 

St. Louis University, 

Mo. 

Randolph-Macon, 

Boydon, 

Va. 

Masonic, 

University of State of Mo., 

Lexington, 

Mo. 

Emory and Henry, 

AA^ashington Co., 

Va. 

Columbia, 

Mo. 

Bethany, 

Bethany, 

Va. 

St. Charles, 

St. Charles, 

Mo. 

Richmond, 

Richmond, 

Va. 

University of Michigan, 

Ann Arbor, 

Mich. 

Virginia AIilitary Institute, 

Lexington, 

ALa. 

AVisconsin University, 

Madison, 

AVis. 

University of North Carolina, 

Chapel Hill, 

N. C. 

Beloit, 

Beloit, Rock Co., 

AVis. 

Davidson, 

Mecklenburg Co., 

N. C. 

Lawrence University, 

Appleton, 

AVis. 

AVake Forest, 

Forestville, 

N. C. 

Milwaukee Female, 

Milw'aukee, 

Wis. 

Charleston, 

Charleston, 

S. C. 

Carroll, 

AVaukesha 

AVis. 

South Carolina, 

Columbia, 

S. C. 

Racine, 

Racine, 

AVis. 

Franklin, 

Oglethorp’e, 

Athens, 

Ga. 

Iowa State University, 

Iowa City, 

Iowa. 

Milledgeville, 

Gil. 

Iowa AVesleyan University, 

Mt. Pleasant, 
Near San Jose, 

Iowa. 

Emory, 

Mercer University, 

Oxford, 

Penfield, 

Ga. 

Ga. 

Santa Clara, 

* m 

Cal. 



















STATISTICAL TABLES. 


199 


THEOLOGICAL SCHOOLS. 


Bant.or Theological Semi.nauy, 
Mktii. Gen. Bin. Institctk, 
Gil.manton Theol. Seminary, 

X. Hampton Theol. Seminary, 
Theological Seminary, 
Divinity School, Uarv. Unit., 
Theological Institution, 
Theol. Dep., Yale College, 
Theol. Inst, of Connecticut, 
Theol. Inst., Epis. Church, 
Union Theological Seminary, 
Theol. Seminary of Auburn, 
Hamilton Theol. Seminary, 
Rochester Theol. Seminary, 
Hartwich Seminary, 

Theol. Sem. Ass. Ref. Church, 
Th. Sem. Dutch Ref. Church, 
Tii. Sem. Presbyterian Church, 
WiTTEMBURG Th. SEMINARY, 
German Reformeo, 

Western Theol. Seminary, 
Theological School, 
Theological Se.minary, 
Western Theological School, 
Th. Dep. Lem isburg Univ., 
Georgetown College, 


Medical School of Maine, 

X. II. Medical School, 
CasTLeton Medical Coll., 

.Med. Dep. Unit. Vermont, 
Vermo.nt Medical Coll., 
-Medical School, Harv. Unit., 
Berkshire Medical School, 
Medical Inst., Yale Coll?, 
Coll. Phys. and Surg., N. York, 
Geneva Medical Coll., 

Med. Faculty, Univ. N. Y., 
Albany Medical Coll., 

Med. Dep., Unit. Penn., 
.Iefferson Medical Coll., 

Med. Dep., Penn. Coll., 
Philadelphia Coll, of Med., 
Med. School, Unit. Md., 
Washington Med. Coll., 

Xat. Med. Coll., Columb. Coll., 
Med. Dep., Georgetown Coll., 


Dane L.\w School, H. Unit., 
Law School, Yale Coll., 
Unitersity of Albany, 

Law School, Colu.mbia Coll., 
Unitersity of Pennsyltania, 
William and Mary College, 
Law School, Unit, of Va., 
North Carolina Unitersity, 
Unitersity of Louisiana, 
University of Louisville, 


Bangor, 

Me. 

Concord, 

N. H. 

Giliiianton, 

N. H. 

New Hampton, 

N. H. 

Andover, 

Mass. 

Cambridge, 

Mass. 

Neivton, 

Mass. 

New Haven, 

Conn. 

East Windsor, 

Conn. 

New York, 

N. Y. 

New York, 

N. Y. 

Auburn, 

N. Y. 

Hamilton, 

N. Y. 

Rochester, 

N. Y. 

Hartwich, 

N. Y. 

Newburg, 

N. Y. 

New Brunswick, 

N. J. 

Princeton, 

N. J. 

Gettysburg, 

Penn. 

Mercersburg, 

Penn. 

Alleghany, 

Penn. 

Canonsburg, 

Penn. 

Pittsburg, 

Penn. 

Meadville, 

Penn. 

Lewisburg, 

Penn. 

Georgetown, 

D. C. 


St. Mary’s Seminary, 

Epls. Theol. School of Va., 
Union Theological Se.minart, 
Virginia Baptist Seminary, 
Theological Seminary, 
Theological Seminary, 
Furman Theol. Seminary, 

Th. Sem. of Mercer Unit., 
Howard Th. Institution, 
Western Bap. Th. Institution, 
Danville Theol. Seminary, 
Southwest Theol. Seminary, 
Th. School Comb. Unit., 

Tii. Dep. St. Louis Unit., 

Lane Seminary, 

Theol. Dep. Kenyon Coll., 
Theol. Dep. W^est. Res. Coll., 
Granville Theol. Dep’t, 
Oberlin Theol. Dep’t, 

Th. Sem. Ass. Ref. Church, 
Wittenberg, 

Bibl. Dep. Ohio Wesl. Unit., 
New Albany Tii. Se.minary, 
Theological Seminary, 

Alton Theol. Seminary, 
Nasuotaii Theol. Seminary, 


Baltimore, 

Md. 

Fairfa.x Co., 

Va. 

Prince Ed. Co., 

Va. 

Richmond, 

Va. 

Columbia, 

S. C. 

Lexington, 

S. C. 

Fairfield Dist., 

S. C. 

Penfield, 

Ga. 

Marion, 

Ala. 

Georgetown, 

Kv. 

Danville, 

kV. 

Maryville, 

Teiin. 

Lebanon, 

Tenn. 

St. Louis, 

Mo. 

Cincinnati, 

Ohio. 

Gainbicr, 

Ohio. 

Hudson, 

Ohio. 

Granville, 

Ohio. 

Oberlin, 

Ohio. 

Oxford, 

Ohio. 

Springfield, 

Ohio. 

Delaware, 

Ohio. 

Hanover, 

Ind. 

Chicago, 

Ill. 

Upper Alton, 

Ill. 

Nashotah, 

Wis. 


Brunswick, 

MEDICAL 

Me. 

SCHOOLS. 

Med. School, Unit. Va., 

Charlottesville, 

Va. 

Hanover, 

N. H. 

Med. Dep., Hamp.-Sid. Coll., 

Richmond, 

Va. 

Castleton, 

Vt, 

Winchester Med. Coll., 

Winchester, 

Va. 

Burlington, 

Vt. 

Med. Coll. State of S. C., 

Charleston, 

S. C. 

Woodstock, 

Vt. 

Med. Coll, of Georgia, 

Augusta, 

Ga. 

Bo.ston, 

Mass. 

Med. Dep., Unit. Louisiana, 

New Orleans, 

La. 

Pittsfield, 

Mass. 

Med. Dep., Unit. Nashville, 

Nashville, 

Tenn 

New Haven, 

Conn. 

Med. Dep., East Tenn. Unit., 

Knoxville, 

Tenn 

New York, 

N. Y. 

Med. Dep., Transylvania Unit., 

Lexington, 

Kv. 

Geneva, 

N. Y. 

Med. Dep., Unit. Louisville, 

Louisville. 

Ky. 

New York, 

N. Y. 

Med. Dep.,West. Reserve Coll., Cleveland. 

Ohio. 

Albany, 

N. Y. 

Medical College of Ohio, 

West. Coll. Homeopathic Med., 

Cincinnati, 

Ohio. 

Philadelphia, 

Philadelphia, 

Penn. 

Cleveland, 

Ohio. 

Penn. 

Starling Medical Coll., 

Columbus, 

Ohio. 

Philadelphia, 

Philadelphia, 

Penn. 

Rush Medical Coll., 

Chicago, 

Ill. 

Pena 

University of Michigan, 

Ann Arbor, 

Mich. 

Baltimore, 

Md. 

St. Louis Medical Coll., 

St. Louis, 

Mo. 

Baltimore, 

Md. 

Med. Dep. of Missouri Unit., 

Columbia, 

Mo. 

Washington, 

D. C. 

Med. Dep. of State Unit., 

Keokuk, 

Iowa. 

Washington, 

D. C. 

Med. Dep. State Unit., 

Madison, 

Wis. 


LAW SCHOOLS. 


Cambridge, 

Mass. 

New Haven, 

Conn. 

Albany, 

N. Y. 

New York, 

N. Y. 

Philadelphia, 

Penn. 

Williamsburg, 

Va. 

Charlottesville, 

Va. 

Chapel Hill, 

N. C. 

New Orleans, 

La. 

Louisville, 

Ky. 


Kentucky Military Inst., 
Cumberland University, 

Law School, Cincin. Coll., 
Indiana State University, 
Indiana Asbury University, 
Maynard L. S., Hamilton Col., 
N. Y. State and National L. S., 
University of Mississippi, 
University of Michigan, 


Franklin Springs, 

Ky. 

Lebanon, 

Tenn. 

Cincinnati, 

Ohio. 

Bloomington, 

Ind. 

Greencastle, 

Ind. 

Clinton, 

N. Y. 

Poughkeepsie, 

N. Y. 

Oxford, 

Miss. 

Ann Arbor, 

Mich. 


















/ 


200 STATISTICAL TABLES. 


I ' 

TELEGRAPH LINES. / 


LENGTH OP LINES OF LAND TELEGRAPH. 


America, (United States,) 

36,000 

India, 



4 

4 

6,000 

America, (British Provinces,) 

6,000 

Italy, 


* , 

4 

4 

2,600 

America, (other parts, and islands,) 

6,000 

Prussia, 





4,000 

Australia, ..... 

1,200 

Russia, . 





6,000 

Austria and Germany, .... 

10,000 

Switzerland, 


. 


. 

1,500 

Bavaria and Saxony, 

1,700 

Rest of Europe, . 


. 



1,400 

Belgium, ...... 

660 

Other parts of the World, . 


. 

600 

England, ..... 

10,000 







France, ...... 

8,000 

Total, 


• 

• 

• 

96,350 

LINES OF 

submarine telegraph. 











Miles. 

Wires 

Date. 

Dover and Calais, .... 

• 

» • • 



25 

4 

1851 

Dover and Ostend, .... 


• • • 



75 

6 

1862 

Holyhead and Hoivth, 

• 

• • • 



65 

1 

1852 

England and Holland, .... 


• » • 



116 

3 

1853 

Port Patrick and Donaghadee, 


• • • 



13 

6 

1853 

Port Patrick and Donaghadee, (second cable,) 


• • 4 



13 

6 

1853 

Across the Soland, Isle of Wight, (England,) 

• 

4 • . 



3 

4 

1855 

Across the Frith of Forth, (Scotland,) 


4 . • 



4 

4 

1854 

Denmark, across the Great Belt, 

, 

4 4 * 



15 

3 

1854 

Denmark, across the Little Belt, 


4 4 4 



6 

3 

1854 

Denmark, across the Sound, , 

• 

4 4 4 



12 

3 

1855 

Petersburg to Cronstadt, 


• 4 4 



10 

1 

1866 

Italy and Corsica, .... 

• 

4 4 4 



65 

6 

1864 

Corsica and Sardinia, .... 


• 4 4 



10 

6 

1854 

Messina to Reggio,. 

, 

4 4 4 



6 

1 

1856 

Across the Danube at Shumla, 





1 

1 

1855 

Six cables across the mouth of the Danube at the Isle of 

Serpents, (each one 

mile lonsr and 




having one conductor,) . 


4 4 4 



6 

6 

1857 

Varna and Balaklava, (across the Black Sea,) 





340 

1 

1855 

Balaklava and Eup.atoria, . 

, 

4 4 4 



60 

1 

1855 

Across the Bosporus at Kandili, 


4 4 4 



1 

1 

1856 

Across the Hoogly River, . 


4 4 4 



2.61 



Across the St. Lawrence, 





74 

1 

1866 

Across the Straits of Northumberland, (Prince Edward’s Island,) 



10.51 

1 

1866 

Across the Gut of Canso, (Nova Scotia,) 


• 



3 

3 

1856 

Across the St. Lawrence at Quebec, 


•44 



1 

1 

1855 

Across the Mississippi at Paduca, 


• 4 • 



1 

1 

1851 

Small River Crossings, .... 


' 4*4 



20 



Total length of Submarine Cables, . 

• 

• • • 


• 

956 




i 





























. i 













